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To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Acer pseudoplatanus conservation in Europe
Sycamore maple has moderate to high genetic diversity, typical for a widespread and outcrossing species. However, the species is more differentiated than other wind-pollinated species with a continuous distribution, such as birch (Betula) and spruce (Picea) (Rusanen and Myking, 2003).
Genetic variation between populations is low but sycamore maple shows genetic clustering (Rebrean et al., 2019). Both southern and central European populations contain unique haplotypes and show spatial genetic structuring at small to medium distances, with seed dispersal being more limited in dense populations (Pandey et al., 2012). However, research shows there is no significant correlation between geographic and genetic distances (Rebrean et al., 2019).
Northern populations likely originate from one or two refugial sites, despite there being multiple refugial populations in the south; this indicates that some of these populations likely did not contribute to the recolonization of central Europe after the last glacial maximum (Neophytou, Konnert, and Fussi, 2019). In Germany there are two distinct groups of sycamore maple and an introgression zone between them which likely originated from glacial refugia in the eastern and western Alpine mountains (Neophytou, Konnert, and Fussi, 2019). Southern populations have higher genetic differentiation per distance than northern populations because mountain ranges have limited their geneflow by creating geographic barriers (Neophytou, Konnert, and Fussi, 2019).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
No information available.
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Sycamore maple is not an endangered species, but it may be under threat at the population level as it often grows in scattered, mixed stands. As a result, the effective population size in some parts of its distribution could be insufficient to maintain high genetic diversity, especially in marginal populations (Rusanen and Myking, 2003). Threats include habitat loss, climate change, and the fungus, Apiognomonia veneta.
Sycamore maple should be promoted as a timber resource as it has significant potential for use in forestry despite it typically being outcompeted by beech on fertile soils (Rusanen and Myking, 2003). Sycamore maple has desirable wood properties, is tolerant to a range of site conditions, and could be used to replace common ash (Fraxinus excelsior), which is under threat from ash dieback. Breeding programmes for the species have already been initiated (Neophytou, Konnert, and Fussi, 2019).
Low-intensity approaches to in situ conservation are recommended for conservation of genetic diversity, including already existing nature reserves (Rusanen and Myking, 2003). Creating a network of in situ conservation stands that includes marginal populations will maximize the conservation of genetic diversity in the species (Rusanen and Myking, 2003). In and ex situ stands should not include hybrids or ornamental cultivars, and ex situ collections should be designed to enhance variability within a region (Rusanen and Myking, 2003). To avoid collecting seeds from individuals with similar genetic characteristics for use in in and ex situ stands, the distance between seed trees should be above 35 m in compact populations and above 180 m in isolated populations due to spatial genetic structuring in the species. This maintains genetic diversity and reduces inbreeding in planted stands (Pandey et al., 2012).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Acer pseudoplatanus and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Acer pseudoplatanus - Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use for sycamore
Publication Year: 2003Genetic conservation aims at ensuring continuous survival and adaptability of the target species. These proposed guidelines reflect the view that sycamore is not considered an endangered species. Sycamore has significant potential for forestry, and its use as a timber resource should be promoted. In most cases this will require intensive management, since on fertile soils sycamore is easily suppressed by beech. If sycamore is regenerated artificially, special attention should be given to the choice of seed source. For gene conservation, a low intensity in situ conservation approach is recommended. One possibility is to include already existing nature reserves in gene conservation programmes. This requires the reserves to be managed to maintain a broad genetic base in species, so that the potential for future adaptation is safeguarded. A further step of gene conservation is to establish a network of in situ conservation stands. To capture the existing adaptability, at least 20 populations of about 50 flowering and seed producing individuals, spread over the natural distribution area of the species, should be selected and allowed to differentiate over time. The marginal areas in the distribution should also be covered. When selecting conservation stands, putative hybrids with ornamental cultivars (colour and leaf variants) should be excluded. The in situ network should secure adaptation to changing environments over the whole range of the species. In areas where stands of 50 sycamore trees are not available, ex situ collections should be established to complement the in situ approach. The ex situ collections can be used for both conservation and seed production, and should be designed to enhance variability within a region and avoid inbreeding. Secondary breeding activities for timber improvement are also conceivable.
Genetic conservation aims at ensuring continuous survival and adaptability of the target species. These proposed guidelines reflect the view that sycamore is not considered an endangered species. Sycamore has significant potential for forestry, and its use as a timber resource should be promoted. In most cases this will require intensive management, since on fertile soils sycamore is easily...
Noble Hardwood Network: Report on the fourth and fifth meeting
Noble Hardwoods Network: Report of the second meeting
Noble Hardwoods Network: Report of the first meeting
Contacts of experts
NA
Further reading
Belletti, P., Monteleone, I., and Ferrazzini, D. 2007. Genetic variability at allozyme markers in sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) populations from northwestern Italy. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 37(2): 395–403.
Krabel, D. and Wolf, H. 2013. Sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.). In: L.E. Pâques, ed. Forest tree breeding in Europe: Current state-of-the-art and perspectives, pp.373–402. Dordrecht, Netherlands, Springer.
References
Neophytou, C., Konnert, M., and Fussi, B. 2019. Western and eastern post-glacial migration pathways shape the genetic structure of sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) in Germany. Forest Ecology and Management, 432: 83–93.
Pandey, M., Gailing, O., Hattemer, H.H., and Finkeldey, R. 2012. Fine-scale spatial genetic structure of sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.). European Journal of Forest Research, 131: 739–746.
Rebrean, F., Fustos, A., Tǎut, I., Szabo, K., Hȃrţa, M., Pamfil, D., Rebrean, M., and Sălăgean, T. 2019. Genetic diversity of Acer pseudoplatanus L. populations from Transylvania. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 42: 643–650.
Rusanen, M. and Myking, T., 2003. EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for genetic conservation and use for sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus). Maccarese, Italy, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. 6 pp.
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