To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Pinus halepensis conservation in Europe
Genetic diversity in Aleppo pine is significant and higher within populations than between them (Fady, Semerci, and Vendramin, 2003). However, some populations show lower genetic diversity than expected for a wind-pollinated conifer, which may be the result of founder effects in marginal populations (Troupin, Nathan, and Vendramin, 2006). Genetic diversity in Aleppo pine is lower than in Brutia pine (Fady, Semerci, and Vendramin, 2003). The same authors also noted that Brutia pine is genetically close to and hybridizes with Aleppo pine, only as the pollen parent, which limits introgression and the contribution of Brutia pine to the genetic diversity of Aleppo pine. Genetic differentiation in Aleppo pine is low, which is attributed to effective gene flow between populations (Mustafa et al., 2022). However, many populations show some evidence of genetic bottlenecking, which is believed to be the result of postglacial colonization events (Budde et al., 2017).
Higher genetic diversity was found in planted stands than in natural populations (Mustafa et al., 2022). Natural stands of Aleppo pine show similar levels of genetic diversity in unburned stands and in stands regenerated after a fire, and genetic diversity was maintained even under frequent fire events (Budde et al., 2017). Different fire regimes do not appear to affect the genetic diversity or effective population size of natural populations, likely because high amounts of gene flow contribute to the fast recovery of the seed bank in soils and the canopy after fires (Budde et al., 2017).
Cluster analysis in Jordanian populations of Aleppo pine revealed two genetic subgroups, although genetic distance did not correlate with geographic distance (Mustafa et al., 2022). Across its range, Aleppo pine genetic diversity is geographically structured, with Greek and Spanish populations containing the most genetic diversity (Fady, Semerci, and Vendramin, 2003). The authors suggest that more-marginal populations of Aleppo pine were established with only a few individuals from refugial areas in Greece and Spain and therefore have reduced genetic diversity and higher inbreeding.
Increased fire frequency can affect recruitment patterns of natural Aleppo pine populations, creating stronger family structures, and higher spatial genetic structuring in populations regenerated from seed after fire (Budde et al., 2017). Limited seed dispersal range also creates spatial genetic structuring, as seeds of the Aleppo pine rarely travel more than 20 m even under extremely windy conditions (Troupin, Nathan, R. and Vendramin, 2006). The authors suggested that the observed spatial genetic structure in some populations might also be the result of fine-scale environmental heterogeneity and microenvironmental selection.
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
No available information.
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Aleppo pine is not considered ecologically threatened as a whole. Threats to the trees include insects such as Thaumatopea pityocampa, a moth that rarely kills the tree but can cause defoliation, and the fungus, Crumenulopsis sororia, which has caused dieback on Aleppo pine in France (Fady, Semerci, and Vendramin, 2003).
While increased frequency of fires may affect genetic diversity, fires also promote regeneration (Fady, Semerci, and Vendramin, 2003). The planting of ill-adapted material, gene flow from plantations, and seed transfer between regions has led to frost and water-stress damage, and the reduction of local population adaptability (Fady, Semerci, and Vendramin, 2003).
To be effective, in situ genetic resource conservation and management should be carried out across the species’ range (Fady, Semerci, and Vendramin, 2003). The authors also suggest that populations at high altitudes, in desert margins, and mixed forests should be conserved, as they may contain valuable genes (resistance to drought, cold, pests) for adaptation to global warming.
Aleppo pine usually regenerates well naturally after fires but artificial regeneration should be used to counteract the risk of genetic erosion in the juveniles if seed banks are depleted, regeneration is poor in the first two years, or if only a few isolated seed trees remain in the burned are, (Fady, Semerci, and Vendramin, 2003). The transfer of seed material across zones and countries with different ecological requirements should be avoided, notably because of risks of cold, drought and insect damage (Fady, Semerci, and Vendramin, 2003).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Pinus halepensis and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Pinus halepensis and Pinus brutia - Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use for Aleppo and Brutia pine
Publication Year: 2003Current conservation measures undertaken at national levels most commonly include in situ gene conservation networks specifically designed for the target species (e.g. in Turkey, 52 P. brutia conservation units) and forest reserves or national parks which include the target species. Ex situ measures include clonal archives, cold storage seed banks and DNA banks.
To increase the efficiency of in situ genetic resource conservation, a concerted management effort should be carried out range-wide. Although transfer of seed material is often legally possible, it should be avoided across zones and countries with different ecological requirements, notably because of cold, drought and insect damage risks.
Locally, some populations require specific attention and appropriate forestry practice.
Marginal populations. As populations at high altitudes, in desert margins and mixed forests may contain valuable genes (resistance to drought, cold, pests) for adaptation under global warming, efforts such as gene reserves should be made to conserve them.
Population under recurrent forest fires. Because they are adapted to forest fires, both pines usually regenerate well after fire, using the seed bank released from serotinous cones. If regeneration happens to be poor in the first 2 years after fire, and if only a few isolated seed trees remain in the burnt area, artificial regeneration should be used to counteract the risk of genetic erosion in the juveniles. In this case, seed lots collected from large genepools should be used (e.g. at least 30 trees per population from at least three populations from a single seed zone).
Populations where hybridization may occur. Planting Aleppo pine where Brutia pine is present should be avoided in areas where frost and potential pest damage are limiting factors, or strictly monitored in areas where drought is the limiting factor. Owing to the anisotropy of between-species gene flow, the impact should be reduced when planting Brutia pine in the vicinity of Aleppo pine forests.
Conifers Network: Report of the second and third meeting
Conifers Network: Report of the fourth meeting
Conifers Network: Report of the first meeting
Contacts of experts
NA
Further reading
Vendramin, G.G., Avanzi, C., González-Martínez, S.C., and Grivet, D. 2021. Population genetics and genomics of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis). In: G. Ne'eman and Y. Osem, eds. Pines and their mixed forest ecosystems in the Mediterranean basin, pp. 19–32. Managing Forest Ecosystems, vol 38. Cham, Switzerland, Springer.
References
Budde, K.B., González-Martínez, S.C., Navascués, M., Burgarella, C., Mosca, E., Lorenzo, Z., Zabal-Aguirre, M., Vendramin, G.G., Verdú, M., Pausas, J.G., and Heuertz, M. 2017. Increased fire frequency promotes stronger spatial genetic structure and natural selection at regional and local scales in Pinus halepensis Mill. Annals of Botany, 119(6): 1061–1072
Fady, B., Semerci, H., and Vendramin, G.G. 2003. EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for genetic conservation and use for Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) and Brutia pine (Pinus brutia). Rome, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. 6 pages.
Mustafa, E., Chen, W., Li, Y., Tigabu, M., and Li, M. 2022. Genetic diversity and population structure of Pinus halepensis Mill. in Jordan revealed by simple sequence repeats. Trees, 36(3): 977–989.
Troupin, D., Nathan, R., and Vendramin, G.G. 2006. Analysis of spatial genetic structure in an expanding Pinus halepensis population reveals development of fine‐scale genetic clustering over time. Molecular Ecology, 15(12): 3617–3630.
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