To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Pseudotsuga menziesii conservation in Europe
In its native range, Douglas fir has high genetic diversity and low genetic differentiation, as expected for a long-lived conifer species with large population sizes, wide distribution, and wind-dispersed seeds and pollen (Krutovsky et al., 2009). The author notes, however, that although genetic differentiation is low it is still significant. Even compared with other conifers, Douglas fir has a high level of heterozygosity, indicating high genetic diversity (Krutovsky et al., 2009). The species’ high genetic diversity and phonotypic variation is strongly associated with geographic, topographic, and climatic features (Krutovsky et al., 2009). In its introduced range in Europe, Douglas fir populations have lower genetic diversity than in its native American range (Thomas, Rzepecki, and Werner, 2022). However, European populations still maintain high genetic diversity, have not experienced genetic bottlenecks, and appear to still be genetically similar to populations in their native range (van Loo et al., 2019).
Douglas fir spans diverse landscapes and climatic conditions in its native range and its adaptability allows it to maximize its growth during favourable climatic conditions, leading to high genetic differentiation among populations (Bansal et al., 2015). It shows strong genetic variation, differentiation, and geographic structuring in traits relating to drought resistance among populations along climate gradients (Bansal et al., 2015). The author found that populations in warmer climates had greater drought resistance and those at high elevations had high cold tolerance, showing the importance of topography in shaping the genetic structure of Douglas fir. As a result, Douglas fir populations cluster based on elevation and there is significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances (Krutovsky et al., 2009). High genetic differentiation of Douglas fir in its native range favours its survival at both the leading and trailing edges of its distribution under future climate change (Bansal et al., 2015). Some spatial genetic structuring is observed even within European populations (van Loo et al., 2019).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Douglas fir is one of the most economically important forest species in the western USA and many parts of Europe (Bansal et al., 2015; Thomas, Rzepecki, and Werner, 2022). It is popular due to its high growth rates, competitive superiority, high drought tolerance, and low susceptibility to needle cast fungi (Thomas, Rzepecki, and Werner, 2022). In Europe, the species is less threatened by pests and pathogens than popular native trees used in forestry such as Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) (Thomas, Rzepecki, and Werner, 2022). The coastal variety of Douglas fir, most of which originates from a restricted area in Washington, is popular in Central European silviculture, whereas varieties from more central areas of North America are less commonly cultivated in Europe (van Loo et al., 2019).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
No available information.
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Pseudotsuga menziesii and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Contacts of experts
NA
Further reading
Konnert, M. and Ruetz, W. 2006. Genetic aspects of artificial regeneration of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in Bavaria. European Journal of Forest Research, 125(3): 261–270.
Robinson, A.R., Ukrainetz, N.K., Kang, K.Y., and Mansfield, S.D. 2007. Metabolite profiling of Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) field trials reveals strong environmental and weak genetic variation. New Phytologist, 174(4): 762–773.
References
Bansal, S., Harrington, C.A., Gould, P.J., and St. Clair, J.B. 2015. Climate‐related genetic variation in drought‐resistance of Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Global Change Biology, 21(2): 947–958.
Krutovsky, K.V., St. Clair, J.B., Saich, R., Hipkins, V.D., and Neale, D.B. 2009. Estimation of population structure in coastal Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii] using allozyme and microsatellite markers. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 5: 641–658.
Thomas, F.M., Rzepecki, A., and Werner, W. 2022. Non-native Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in Central Europe: Ecology, performance and nature conservation. Forest Ecology and Management, 506: 119956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119956
van Loo, M., Lazic, D., Chakraborty, D., Hasenauer, H., and Schüler, S. 2019. North American Douglas-fir (P. menziesii) in Europe: establishment and reproduction within new geographic space without consequences for its genetic diversity. Biological Invasions, 21(11): 3249–3267.
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