To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Quercus rubra conservation in Europe
Northern red oak has high genetic diversity in its native range and low genetic differentiation because of high gene flow (Lind-Riehl and Gailing, 2015; Merceron et al., 2017). Most populations of northern red oak in Europe have low haplotype diversity and lack significant genetic variation, indicating that they have originated from a limited geographic area and number of seed sources from the tree’s native range (Pettenkofer et al., 2020). However, some populations do show high haplotype diversity because of multiple introductions and admixture of genetic material (Pettenkofer et al., 2019; Pettenkofer et al., 2020). For example, northern red oak stands in Baden Wuerttemberg had exceptionally high haplotype diversity compared with other German northern red oak stands because seeding material from different regions was mixed (Pettenkofer et al., 2019). European populations are expected to have undergone some selection for adaptation to local conditions, potentially reducing genetic diversity (Merceron et al., 2017). Northern red oak populations in Europe do not show significant bottlenecking, indicating either that introduced reproductive material had sufficient genetic diversity or that there have been multiple sources of introductions (Merceron et al., 2017; Pettenkofer et al., 2020).
Within its natural range, genetic differentiation of northern red oak populations increases from south to north, reflecting postglacial recolonization routes (Pettenkofer et al., 2020). In North America, northern red oak has similar levels of spatial genetic structuring and diversity in managed and unmanaged stands (Lind-Riehl and Gailing, 2015). No clear geographic distribution of genetic diversity is observed in Europe, which may be because of multiple introductions and admixture of material within Europe (Pettenkofer et al., 2019; Pettenkofer et al., 2020). Genetic diversity of northern red oak populations is not uniform within Europe. For example, French populations have lower genetic diversity than German populations, possibly because of different import and forest policies in these countries (Pettenkofer et al., 2020). German northern red oak stands have low differentiation among populations and are genetically more like each other than to North American populations but have an overrepresentation of the most common haplotypes found in North America (Pettenkofer et al., 2020).
Low genetic differentiation in the natural range of the northern red oak makes it difficult to determine the origin of European populations (Merceron et al., 2017). However, genetic evidence suggests source populations in Europe come from the northern part of the northern red oak’s native range (Merceron et al., 2017). Three genetic clusters of northern red oak exist in North America, two of which originating in the north have been observed in Europe (Pettenkofer et al., 2019).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Interspecific hybridization is low between northern red oak and European white oaks because of reproductive barriers in acorn maturation periods (Merceron et al., 2017).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Northern red oak is considered invasive in some European countries but not in Germany, as it is less shade-tolerant than species such as European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), experiences heavy browsing pressure, and can be easily controlled (Pettenkofer et al., 2019; Pettenkofer et al., 2020). Northern red oak could be valuable in increasing forest adaptability and productivity in Europe when facing future climate changes (Pettenkofer et al., 2019). Genetic diversity in northern red oak is sufficient for maintaining the species’ adaptability, so there does not appear to be a need for the import of additional genetic material from North America; however, populations could be supplemented with material from other parts of Europe (Pettenkofer et al., 2019).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Quercus rubra and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Social Broadleaves Network: Report of the third meeting
Social Broadleaves Network: Report of the fifth meeting (Temperate Oaks and Beech network)
Social Broadleaves Network: Report of the first meeting
Social Broadleaves Network: Report of the second meeting
Contacts of experts
NA
Further reading
Lind, J.F. and Gailing, O. 2013. Genetic structure of Quercus rubra L. and Quercus ellipsoidalis EJ Hill populations at gene-based EST-SSR and nuclear SSR markers. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 9: 707–722.
Sork, V.L., Huang, S., and Wiener, E. 1993. Macrogeographic and fine-scale genetic structure in a North American oak species, Quercus rubra L. Annales des Sciences Forestières, 50: 261s–270s
References
Lind-Riehl, J. and Gailing, O. 2015. Fine-scale spatial genetic structure of two red oak species, Quercus rubra and Quercus ellipsoidalis. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 301: 1601–1612.
Merceron, N.R., Leroy, T., Chancerel, E., Romero-Severson, J., Borkowski, D.S., Ducousso, A., Monty, A., Porté, A.J., and Kremer, A. 2017. Back to America: tracking the origin of European introduced populations of Quercus rubra L. Genome, 60(9): 778–790.
Pettenkofer, T., Burkardt, K., Ammer, C., Vor, T., Finkeldey, R., Müller, M., Krutovsky, K., Vornam, B., Leinemann, L., and Gailing, O. 2019. Genetic diversity and differentiation of introduced red oak (Quercus rubra) in Germany in comparison with reference native North American populations. European Journal of Forest Research, 138: 275–285.
Pettenkofer, T., Finkeldey, R., Müller, M., Krutovsky, K.V., Vornam, B., Leinemann, L., and Gailing, O. 2020. Genetic variation of introduced red oak (Quercus rubra) stands in Germany compared to North American populations. European Journal of Forest Research, 139: 321–331.
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