To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Sorbus aucuparia conservation in Europe
European populations of mountain ash ranging from Finland down to the Pyrenees maintain high genetic diversity within populations and low differentiation between populations when compared with other temperate tree species (Baliuckas et al., 2005). Mountain ash can maintain high levels of genetic diversity even in small populations covering reduced ranges that have been fragmented for generations, where diversity would be expected to be lower, as shown in Scottish populations (Bacles, Lowe, and Ennos, 2004). Populations of mountain ash around the Caspian Sea have been observed to have higher genetic diversity than expected; this is most likely because this area was a glacial refugium, making it a valuable reserve of genetic diversity for the species (Yousefzadeh et al., 2021). However, this high level of diversity could also be the result of the differing habitats the species inhabits in this area (Yousefzadeh et al., 2021). Higher habitat quality may increase genetic diversity of mountain ash populations in Europe.
The level of differentiation in mountain ash is lower than would be expected for wind pollinated species in Europe, at around 6% between populations (Raspe and Jacquemart, 1998; Baliuckas et al., 2005). Since mountain ash has a large geographical range, is dioecious and insect pollinated, and its seeds are dispersed by animal ingestion it would be expected that the species would have high genetic diversity (Raspe and Jacquemart, 1998). Mountain ash populations in Europe do not show evidence of strong bottlenecking or inbreeding from postglacial recolonization (Raspe and Jacquemart, 1998). However, one study of populations in Belgium did find very high differentiation among populations only a few kilometres apart, attributing this difference to founder effects in a recently colonized population (Bacles, Lowe, and Ennos, 2004). Finnish populations have been shown to be highly differentiated from southern populations. This may be because of the greater geographical distance separating Finnish populations from those in the south or because Finnish populations originated from different glacial refugia/postglacial colonization pathways (Raspe and Jacquemart, 1998). Despite this there does not appear to be evidence of isolation by distance such as those in Scotland, despite their low levels of differentiation (Bacles, Lowe, and Ennos, 2004).
Mountain ash's dioecious nature, where individual trees are either male or female, enhances within-population diversity through outcrossing; however, it also makes the species disproportionately vulnerable to a reduction in pollen-mediated gene flow (Yousefzadeh et al., 2021). Mountain ash is also self-incompatible and apomictic reproduction is rare, making it an obligate outcrossing species (Bacles, Lowe, and Ennos, 2004). This reduces inbreeding, but in fragmented landscapes genetic diversity may be impacted due to limited gene flow between isolated populations.
Low levels of differentiation and observed patterns of genetic distribution of the species suggests effective gene flow through pollen dispersal by insects and seed dispersal by birds (Bacles, Lowe, and Ennos, 2004). It may even be possible that the genetic distribution of the species could be affected by the migration routes of birds (Baliuckas et al., 2005). However, mountain ash is often planted for ornamental purposes and therefore human-mediated gene flow must also be considered (Raspe and Jacquemart, 1998).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
No available information.
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
No available information.
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Sorbus aucuparia and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Noble Hardwoods Network: Report of the second meeting
Noble Hardwoods Network: Report of the first meeting
Contacts of experts
NA
Further reading
Levin, J., Fay, M.F., Pellicer, J., and Hedrén, M. 2018. Multiple independent origins of intermediate species between Sorbus aucuparia and S. hybrida (Rosaceae) in the Baltic region. Nordic Journal of Botany, 36(12). https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.02035
Uhrinová, V., Zozomová-Lihová, J., Bernátová, D., Paule, J., Paule, L., and Gömöry, D. 2017. Origin and genetic differentiation of pink-flowered Sorbus hybrids in the Western Carpathians. Annals of Botany, 120(2): 271–284.
References
Bacles, C.F.E., Lowe, A.J., and Ennos, R.A. 2004. Genetic effects of chronic habitat fragmentation on tree species: the case of Sorbus aucuparia in a deforested Scottish landscape. Molecular Ecology, 13(3): 573–584.
Baliuckas, V., Lagerström, T., Norell, L., and Eriksson, G. 2005. Genetic variation among and within populations in Swedish species of Sorbus aucuparia L. and Prunus padus L. assessed in a nursery trial. Silvae Genetica, 54(1–6): 1–8.
Raspé, O. and Jacquemart, A.L., 1998. Allozyme diversity and genetic structure of European populations of Sorbus aucuparia L. (Rosaceae: Maloideae). Heredity, 81(5): 537–545.
Yousefzadeh, H., Raeisi, S., Esmailzadeh, O., Jalali, G., Nasiri, M., Walas, Ł., and Kozlowski, G. 2021. Genetic diversity and structure of rear edge populations of Sorbus aucuparia (Rosaceae) in the Hyrcanian Forest. Plants, 10(7): 1471. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071471
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