To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Sorbus intermedia conservation in Europe
Swedish whitebeam is a polyploid or tetraploid species that can reproduce asexually through clonal propagation, resulting in seedlings that are genetically identical to the parent. This contributes to low and limited genetic diversity within populations (Hebda et al., 2021). Frequent self-fertilization may have also resulted in lower levels of genetic variability (Hebda et al., 2021). However, hybridization with related Sorbus species can increase genetic variability of the species. Swedish whitebeam also shows some geographic structuring caused by habitat fragmentation. Typically, the species has a homogeneous structure across Europe, but strong selection pressures in difficult environments have resulted in certain genotypes being more dominant (Hebda et al., 2021). Despite being a hybrid species with morphology like other species, such as Carpathian mountain ash (Sorbus carpatica), making identification difficult, Swedish whitebeam is genetically distinct with unique haplotypes (Leinemann et al., 2010).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Swedish whitebeam is a source of many hybrid varieties and is itself a triple hybrid between European mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia), wild service tree (Sorbus torminalis), and whitebeam (Sorbus aria), containing genomes from all three species (Hebda et al., 2021). Swedish whitebeam likely has also backcrossed with European mountain ash, whitebeam, and Finnish whitebeam (Sorbus hybrida) to create more hybrid varieties, such as Carpathian mountain ash. It is also likely that Swedish whitebeam is the dominant species in the hybridization process (Hebda et al., 2021).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Swedish whitebeam is not protected in many European countries because of its artificial origin (Hebda et al., 2021). Conservation efforts aim to mitigate genetic threats such as reduced genetic diversity due to its reproductive strategy and habitat fragmentation. Reduced genetic variation and homogeneous genetic distribution in the species increases its vulnerability to pathogen infections. This could mean that hybridizing with other species to encourage introgression, introduce new adaptive traits, and maximize genetic diversity, and hence adaptability and survivability, may be the only way to allow the survival of Swedish whitebeam in some parts of its range (Hebda et al., 2021). However, limiting hybridization will preserve the current diversity of populations. Establishing genetic reserves and collecting and conserving seeds in gene banks can maintain both asexually and sexually produced individuals to ensure genetic variability. Active management involves habitat restoration to connect fragmented populations and encourage gene flow alongside monitoring genetic health to inform conservation actions. Swedish whitebeam is often planted in urban landscapes and seeds are dispersed by birds, facilitating its spread into wild environments.
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Sorbus intermedia and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Noble Hardwoods Network: Report of the second meeting
Contacts of experts
NA
Further reading
Leo, J. 2015. Origins and genetic structure of Sorbus intermedia (Ehrh.) Pers. and S. hybrida L. (Rosaceae) in Fennoscandia. Master’s degree thesis, Lund University, Sweden.
Nelson-Jones, E., Briggs, D., and Smith, A. 2002. The origin of intermediate species of the genus Sorbus. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 105: 953–963.
References
Hebda, A., Kempf, M., Wachowiak, W., Pluciński, B., Kauzal, P., and Zwijacz-Kozica, T. 2021. Hybridization and introgression of native and foreign Sorbus tree species in unique environments of protected mountainous areas. AoB Plants, 13(1): p.plaa070. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plaa070
Leinemann, L., Kahlert, K., Arenhövel, W., Voth, W., and Hosius, B. 2010. Insights into genetic variation patterns in the genus Sorbus in Thuringia. Allgemeine Forst-und Jagdzeitung, 181(9/10): pp.169–174.
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