To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Tilia cordata conservation in Europe
Small-leaved lime shows little genetic variation between populations, but large variation for certain traits within populations (Jensen, 2003). Latvian small-leaved lime populations show high genetic diversity, as do Lithuanian populations, despite Lithuanian populations being fragmented, and experiencing genetic drift, inbreeding, and short distance gene flow (Danusevičius et al., 2021; Ruòìis and Krivmane, 2021). Danish small-leaved lime populations also maintain high genetic diversity within populations despite low gene flow (Lobo et al., 2018). The genetic diversity of small-leaved lime is also heavily affected by plantings in urban environments of individuals with low genetic diversity, with urban trees spreading genes into natural populations and potentially reducing genetic diversity (Danusevičius et al., 2021).
Latvian populations show low to moderate differentiation as populations are not typically isolated and maintain moderate gene flow (Ruòìis and Krivmane, 2021). Danish populations also showed little differentiation from each other and evidence of isolation by distance, the result of fragmentation and reduced gene flow (Lobo et al., 2018). However, Latvian populations show a correlation between genetic and geographic distance, indicating isolation of populations has affected their genetic structure (Ruòìis and Krivmane, 2021)
Anthropogenic activity does not appear to have had a significant impact on the genetic clustering of small-leaved lime populations in Latvia (Ruòìis and Krivmane, 2021). Certain populations of small-leaved lime contain unique adaptations to their environment, such as tolerance to frost or poor soils (Danusevičius et al., 2021).
Small-leaved lime can reproduce vegetatively, especially under harsh conditions (Danusevičius et al., 2021), which can maintain population sizes and genetic diversity within populations (Lobo et al., 2018; Ruòìis and Krivmane, 2021). However, under favourable environmental conditions the tree primarily reproduces sexually (Ruòìis and Krivmane, 2021). In some populations, up to 33% of individuals can be the result of vegetative reproduction (Ruòìis and Krivmane, 2021).
Small-leaved lime is insect pollinated, with wind being a secondary pollinator, which can reduce its dispersal capacity in cooler climates and reduces its competitiveness (Danusevičius et al., 2021). Seed dispersal in small-leaved lime is typically limited to within 300 metres of the parent tree (Danusevičius et al., 2021).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
No available information.
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Small-leaved lime in Europe faces threats from forest clearance for agriculture, changing climate conditions, fragmentation leading to inbreeding, and gene flow from urban plantings with low genetic diversity compromising the genetic stability of natural populations (Jensen, 2003; Danusevičius et al., 2021). This means that many small-leaved lime populations are now limited to marginal sites (Jensen, 2003). In northern populations, the species also has low fertility and limited seed production (Lobo et al., 2018).
Inventories of small-leaved lime are needed to assess the status of genetic conservation of the species in Europe. Conservation and breeding programmes should be established in all countries where the species is found to ensure the conservation of the tree’s genetic diversity (Jensen, 2003). Central core regions of the species’ distribution should be prioritized for in situ conservation as central populations are expected to have large genetic variation (Jensen, 2003). Marginal populations have reduced regeneration, limited genetic diversity, and are fragmented; therefore, ex situ conservation is preferable (Jensen, 2003). Breeding, improvement, and management of genetic resources of Tilia species should be combined with gene conservation to allow evolutionary forces to continue. Combining conservation and use is especially necessary for species such as small-leaved lime with low economic interest (Jensen, 2003).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Tilia cordata and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos - Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use for lime
Publication Year: 2003A network of conservation stands is needed to conserve the genetic variation of limes, which have evolved through adaptation to different ecological and environmental conditions. Conservation and breeding programmes in all countries where lime is found is required to ensure the conservation of the genepool. Specific strategies should include:
Sampling strategies: Inventories are needed to provide an overview of the status of genetic conservation in each individual country and at the European scale. For practical purposes, provenance regions can be identified on the basis of ecogeographic variation and can be modified to take into account either expected gene flow or general knowledge about genetic variation within the species.
Central core regions: Large genetic reserves within the central core regions of distribution are needed for effective gene conservation purposes and should be given high priority, as large genetic variation is expected to be present in the core distribution area. In general, Tilia occurs in mixed species forest and is associated with a number of different plant species. Existing protected areas will only partly serve as genetic conservation areas, as they are not selected at random nor do they cover the core regions of distribution.
Marginal regions: In some regions, large gene reserves of Tilia are lacking, and these genetic resources may be extensively fragmented. They may also be subject to pollen contamination from new plantations originating from non-local seed sources. For these situations, in situ conservation may not be effective. In some of the marginal regions the regeneration of Tilia is lacking or inadequate. Ex situ conservation of Tilia genetic resources is therefore recommended in marginal regions. Preferably, these ex situ conservation stands should be established on the basis of reproductive material from within the local regions, in accordance with in situ silvicultural management principles. In situ conservation in marginal regions should include a larger number of populations.
Use and management of genetic resources: Breeding, improvement and management of genetic resources of Tilia should be combined with gene conservation to allow evolutionary forces to continue. Combining conservation and use is especially necessary for species of low economic interest (“use it or lose it”). At some locations the lime trees may be eradicated, if costly and extensive precautions are not taken. Alternatively, these resources could be used to promote the establishment of new populations from local seed collections.
Noble Hardwoods Network: Report of the sixth and seventh meeting
Noble Hardwoods Network: Report of the third meeting
Noble Hardwood Network: Report on the fourth and fifth meeting
Contacts of experts
NA
Further reading
N/A
References
Danusevičius, D., Kembrytė, R., Buchovska, J., Baliuckas, V., and Kavaliauskas, D. 2021. Genetic signature of the natural gene pool of Tilia cordata Mill. in Lithuania: Compound evolutionary and anthropogenic effects. Ecology and Evolution, 11(11): 6260–6275.
Jensen, J. S. 2003. EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for genetic conservation and use for lime (Tilia spp.). Rome, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. 6 pp.
Lobo, A., Hansen, O.K., Hansen, J.K., Erichsen, E.O., Jacobsen, B., and Kjær, E.D. 2018. Local adaptation through genetic differentiation in highly fragmented Tilia cordata populations. Ecology and Evolution, 8(12): 5968–5976.
Ruòìis, D.E. and Krivmane, B. 2021 Genetic diversity and structure of Latvian Tilia cordata populations. Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B, 75(4): 261–267.
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