To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Tilia platyphyllos conservation in Europe
Large-leaved lime is an insect-pollinated species whose seeds are dispersed by the wind (Logan, Phuekvilai, and Wolff, 2015). The species has high heterozygosity, polymorphism, and genetic diversity within and between populations (Phuekvilai and Wolff, 2013; Logan, Phuekvilai, and Wolff, 2015; Tenche-Constantinescu et al., 2024). While many populations of large-leaved lime contain genetic clones as the result of vegetative propagation many populations do not, with all plants originating from seed propagation either naturally or artificially (Andrianjara et al., 2021; Tenche-Constantinescu et al., 2024). Large-leaved lime has higher genetic diversity and lower rates of clonal or asexual reproduction than small-leaved lime in UK populations (Logan, Phuekvilai, and Wolff, 2015). This could be because natural regeneration is less common for small-leaved lime in the UK (Logan, Phuekvilai, and Wolff, 2015). However, large-leaved lime populations in the UK have been shown to have lower genetic diversity and higher genetic differentiation than populations in central Europe, as UK populations are at the margins of the species’ range and more fragmented, which limits gene flow (Logan, Phuekvilai, and Wolff, 2015). Nevertheless, there is no significant pattern of isolation by distance in the species (Logan, Phuekvilai, and Wolff, 2015).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Large-leaved lime is genetically distinct from small-leaved lime and silver lime (Tilia argentea), with large-leaved lime having more unique genetic alleles (Logan, Phuekvilai, and Wolff, 2015; Tenche-Constantinescu et al., 2024). Morphologically, the species are similar and have large within-population variations for individual morphological traits, making distinguishing them difficult (Svejgaard Jensen, 2003). Hybridization and introgression also occur naturally, creating intermediate varieties and making identification difficult (Phuekvilai and Wolff, 2013; Logan, Phuekvilai, and Wolff, 2015). The common lime (Tilia europaea) is a common hybrid between small and large-leaved lime (Andrianjara et al., 2021). However, large-leaved lime can be the easiest to distinguish because of its leaf veins harbouring numerous, distinctive, perpendicular simple hairs (Andrianjara et al., 2021).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Despite some populations being small and isolated, genetic diversity remains high in large-leaved lime. However, further fragmentation could erode genetic diversity (Logan, Phuekvilai, and Wolff, 2015). Within the UK, further loss of ancient woodlands could massively reduce large-leaved lime populations (Logan, Phuekvilai, and Wolff, 2015). Human activities, climate change, and the species’ poor competitive ability against common species such as European beech (Fagus sylvatica) will also reduce the species’ distribution in Europe and limit it to marginal sites (Svejgaard Jensen, 2003). Inbreeding has also increased because of extensive fragmentation and destruction of biotopes. This, together with hybridization, introgression, and widespread domestication of foreign species could negatively affect the species’ genetic diversity (Svejgaard Jensen, 2003).
A conservation network including different ecological and environmental conditions could be used to conserve the genetic variation of large-leaved lime (Svejgaard Jensen, 2003). First, inventories are needed to provide an overview of the status of genetic conservation of the species at the European scale (Svejgaard Jensen, 2003). Central populations have high genetic diversity and should be given high priority (Svejgaard Jensen, 2003). However, marginal populations may lack genetic diversity due to fragmentation and in situ conservation may not be effective for these populations. Ex situ conservation is therefore recommended for marginal populations of Tilia species (Svejgaard Jensen, 2003). Breeding, improvement, and management of large-leaved lime genetic resources should be combined with gene conservation to allow evolutionary forces to continue (Svejgaard Jensen, 2003).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Tilia platyphyllos and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos - Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use for lime
Publication Year: 2003A network of conservation stands is needed to conserve the genetic variation of limes, which have evolved through adaptation to different ecological and environmental conditions. Conservation and breeding programmes in all countries where lime is found is required to ensure the conservation of the genepool. Specific strategies should include:
Sampling strategies: Inventories are needed to provide an overview of the status of genetic conservation in each individual country and at the European scale. For practical purposes, provenance regions can be identified on the basis of ecogeographic variation and can be modified to take into account either expected gene flow or general knowledge about genetic variation within the species.
Central core regions: Large genetic reserves within the central core regions of distribution are needed for effective gene conservation purposes and should be given high priority, as large genetic variation is expected to be present in the core distribution area. In general, Tilia occurs in mixed species forest and is associated with a number of different plant species. Existing protected areas will only partly serve as genetic conservation areas, as they are not selected at random nor do they cover the core regions of distribution.
Marginal regions: In some regions, large gene reserves of Tilia are lacking, and these genetic resources may be extensively fragmented. They may also be subject to pollen contamination from new plantations originating from non-local seed sources. For these situations, in situ conservation may not be effective. In some of the marginal regions the regeneration of Tilia is lacking or inadequate. Ex situ conservation of Tilia genetic resources is therefore recommended in marginal regions. Preferably, these ex situ conservation stands should be established on the basis of reproductive material from within the local regions, in accordance with in situ silvicultural management principles. In situ conservation in marginal regions should include a larger number of populations.
Use and management of genetic resources: Breeding, improvement and management of genetic resources of Tilia should be combined with gene conservation to allow evolutionary forces to continue. Combining conservation and use is especially necessary for species of low economic interest (“use it or lose it”). At some locations the lime trees may be eradicated, if costly and extensive precautions are not taken. Alternatively, these resources could be used to promote the establishment of new populations from local seed collections.
Noble Hardwoods Network: Report of the sixth and seventh meeting
Noble Hardwoods Network: Report of the third meeting
Contacts of experts
NA
Further reading
No available research.
References
Andrianjara, I., Bordenave-Jacquemin, M., Roy, V., Cabassa, C., Federici, P., Carmignac, D., Marcangeli, Y., Rouhan, G., Renard, M., Nold, F., and Lata, J.C. 2021. Urban tree management: Diversity of Tilia genus in streets and parks of Paris based on morphological and genetic characteristics. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 66: 127382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127382
Logan, S.A., Phuekvilai, P., and Wolff, K. 2015. Ancient woodlands in the limelight: delineation and genetic structure of ancient woodland species Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos (Tiliaceae) in the UK. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 11: 52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-015-0872-z
Phuekvilai, P. and Wolff, K. 2013. Characterization of microsatellite loci in Tilia platyphyllos (Malvaceae) and cross‐amplification in related species. Applications in Plant Sciences, 1(4): 1200386. https://doi.org/10.3732/apps.1200386
Svejgaard Jensen, J. 2003. EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for genetic conservation and use for lime (Tilia spp.). Rome, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. 6 pages
Tenche-Constantinescu, A.M., Lalescu, D.V., Popescu, S., Sarac, I., Petrescu, I., Petolescu, C., Camen, D., Horablaga, A., Popescu, C.A., Berar, C., and Onisan, E. 2024. Exploring the genetic landscape of Tilia spp. with molecular and statistical tools. Horticulturae, 10(6): 596. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060596
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