To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Ulmus glabra conservation in Europe
Wych elm populations are small with large distances between them. As a result, they have high differentiation, low genetic diversity within populations, and show some genetic clustering (Martín del Puerto et al., 2017). Isolation and fragmentation, DED, and human impacts have affected the genetic structure and reduced genetic diversity and gene flow of wych elm in Europe. This could threaten extinction of the species in parts of Europe, lead to genetic drift, and increase differentiation (Cox et al., 2014; Martín del Puerto et al., 2017). Even though pollen dispersal is possible up to 1 000 m in wych elm, the presence of private alleles confirms populations are isolated and gene flow is low (Martín del Puerto et al., 2017).
Wych elm populations in the Iberian Peninsula show moderate genetic diversity and high differentiation; however, there is still evidence of genetic bottlenecking and low population sizes too small for effective regeneration (Martín del Puerto et al., 2017). Larger populations in Spain contained greater genetic diversity (Martín del Puerto et al., 2017). In Poland, where wych elm is a rare tree, populations show low within-population genetic diversity and high diversity between them, but differentiation was still low, showing even though separate populations are unique, they share a significant proportion of their genetic variation (Chudzińska et al., 2018). Current genetic diversity in Poland may be the result of reductions in population sizes due to DED (Chudzińska et al., 2018).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Introgression between wych elm and field elm (Ulmus glabra), which are genetically similar, has been found in Spain, the Netherlands, and Belgium (Martín del Puerto et al., 2017). This has led to the creation of hybrids such as Dutch elm (Ulmus hollandica), a hybrid between wych elm and field elm in Flanders (Cox et al., 2014). Wych elm and field elm naturally hybridize easily and human-mediated gene flow is frequent, making first generation hybrids common. Backcrossing occurs in both directions, but gene flow is often asymmetric (Cox et al., 2014).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Wych elm has been strongly affected by habitat loss, fragmentation, and two DED outbreaks in the last century, leading to widespread reductions in both the number of populations and their size (Cox et al., 2014). As a result of DED, many populations are young or sprouts from old trees killed by DED, meaning regeneration is low (Martín del Puerto et al., 2017). European elms are not in danger of extinction but there is a threat of genetic loss if the number of flowering trees left in each population becomes too small (Collin, 2023).
Studies of genetic diversity of wych elm in its natural range are need to give a basis for development of effective management and conservation strategies (Chudzińska et al., 2018). Special conservation strategies and attention are needed for marginal populations of wych elm, such as those on islands or in northern Europe because their rarity and adaptability to unique geographical conditions means these populations will have unique genetic diversity (Martín del Puerto et al., 2017; Collin, 2023). Efforts to conserve wych elm through hybridization are ongoing to preserve this ecologically and economically valuable tree species, increasing genetic diversity and creating disease-resistant varieties (Martín del Puerto et al., 2017). Preservation measures should associate habitat protection and silviculture. When such measures are not feasible, ex situ measures can be applied (Collin, 2023).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Ulmus glabra and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Noble Hardwoods Network: Report of the first meeting
Noble Hardwoods Network: Report of the second meeting
Contacts of experts
NA
Further reading
Välimäki, S., Rusanen, M., Pečínková, D., Tikkinen, M., and Aronen, T., 2021. Cryopreservation and micropropagation methods for conservation of genetic resources of Ulmus laevis and Ulmus glabra. Forests, 12(8): 1121. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12081121
References
Chudzińska, M., Pałucka, M., Pasławska, A., Litkowiec, M., Lewandowski, A., and Kozioł, C., 2018. Results of preliminary research on genetic variation and genetic differentiation between Wych elm populations (Ulmus glabra Huds.) in Poland. Sylwan, 162(9): 727–736.
Collin, E. 2023. The genetic conservation of European elms. Rome, EUFORGEN.
Cox, K., Vanden Broeck, A., Vander Mijnsbrugge, K., Buiteveld, J., Collin, E., Heybroek, H.M., and Mergeay, J. 2014. Interspecific hybridisation and interaction with cultivars affect the genetic variation of Ulmus minor and Ulmus glabra in Flanders. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 10: 813–826.
Martín del Puerto, M., Martínez García, F., Mohanty, A., and Martín, J.P., 2017. Genetic diversity in relict and fragmented populations of Ulmus glabra Hudson in the central system of the Iberian Peninsula. Forests, 8(5): 143. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8050143
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