To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Carpinus betulus conservation in Europe
There is low genetic diversity between European hornbeam populations and differentiation between populations is around 6.5–7%, as would be expected for a wind-pollinated and outcrossing species (Coart et al., 2005; Carabus et al., 2015). This indicates significant gene flow across Europe but could also be because the species does not face significant fragmentation and isolation of populations. Regional differences are observed in the species; for example, Flemish populations have been found to have lower genetic diversity and lower differentiation than the European average (Coart et al., 2005).
European hornbeam shows clear genetic clusters of populations originating from nearby populations. This may mean that populations that are far apart have adaptive differences and are genetically different enough to have differing niches (Coart et al., 2005). Six haplotypes specific to European hornbeam have been detected. Many of these were specific to eastern Europe or southern Italy but one haplotype was found in all northern and northwestern populations (Coart et al., 2005). This haplotype originated from the Balkans, which, along with southern Italy and the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the species’ refuges during the last glacial maximum. Therefore, it is likely that Balkan populations colonized Europe in the late Holocene (Coart, 2003). This could indicate a significant genetic bottleneck in the species. However, Sweden has exceptionally high genetic variation compared with other northern populations, containing a haplotype rare in central and western European populations (Coart et al., 2005).
European hornbeam shows some geographic structuring and patterns at the population level across its European range, with a correlation between geographic distance and genetic diversity between populations (Coart et al., 2005). There is also a gradual decrease in genetic diversity from east to west, with significant drops in populations north of major mountain chains (Coart et al., 2005). This could be because European hornbeam seeds are heavy and spread by wind, so their colonization of Europe occurred with fewer seeds. Thus, mountain ranges are significant barriers to the species and have created genetic bottlenecks during postglacial colonization of Europe (Coart et al., 2005). European hornbeam also grows in the understory of larger trees such as oak, which may reduce distance of gene flow compared with canopy species such as beech (Coart et al., 2005).
However, gene flow in the species is still high, and as a result geographic patterns are seen only at large geographic scales (Coart, 2003). On regional scales, geographic structuring and patterns can be lost because the spatial scale is too small, or because of human-mediated dispersal and translocation of plants over short distances.
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
European hornbeam is closely related to oriental hornbeam (Caprinus orientalis). However, the two species are adapted to different environments and thus are typically separated, although they do overlap at lower latitudes and in their southern distribution (Carabus et al., 2015). Populations in southeastern Europe are more genetically similar, indicating past hybridization (Coart, 2003).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
No available information.
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Carpinus betulus and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Noble Hardwoods Network: Report of the first meeting
Contacts of experts
NA
Further reading
Riahee, A., Assadi, M., Zare, H., and Mehregan, I. 2022. Molecular diversity and genetic relationships between Carpinus betulus and C. orientalis with Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) regions. Acta Botanica Hungarica, 64: 201–218.
References
Carabus, M.C., Leinemann, L., Curtu, A.L., and Sofletea, N. 2015. Preliminary results on the genetic diversity of Carpinus betulus in Carpathian populations. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov, Series II - Forestry, Wood Industry, Agricultural Food Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 57 Part 2, 1-6.
Coart, E., 2003. Molecular contributions to the conservation of forest genetic resources in Flanders: genetic diversity of Malus sylvestris, Quercus spp. and Carpinus betulus. Doctoral dissertation, Ghent University.
Coart, E., Glabeke, S.V., Petit, R.J., Bockstaele, E.V., and Roldán-Ruiz, I. 2005. Range wide versus local patterns of genetic diversity in Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.). Conservation Genetics, 6: 259–273.
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