To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Frangula alnus conservation in Europe
Glossy buckthorn has high genetic diversity within populations and low levels of inbreeding across Europe (De Kort et al., 2015; Mosner et al., 2017). In marginal or recent populations, such as those in Ireland, establishment from only a few individuals has resulted in low levels of genetic diversity and high levels of inbreeding because of the limited genetic base of the population (Finlay et al., 2017). Irish populations have significantly lower levels of genetic diversity than Spanish populations because of founder effects (Finlay et al., 2017). Spanish populations may also have higher genetic diversity as they are derived from glacial refugial populations while Irish populations are the result of postglacial recolonization (Finlay et al., 2017). Many central European populations of glossy buckthorn originate from Balkan refugial populations; however, many European haplotypes exist, indicating multiple origins (Mosner et al., 2017).
Invasive populations of glossy buckthorn in urban areas of North American port cities have genetic diversity comparable to that of native north-western European populations, with origins of the invasive populations traceable back to their European counterparts (De Kort et al., 2016). North American invasive populations also contain high genetic diversity as seeds were transported along trade routes, facilitating the invasion of glossy buckthorn into North America (De Kort et al., 2016).
Irish populations of glossy buckthorn showed no spatial structuring of genetic variation and lower genetic differentiation than expected for a species with seeds dispersed by gravity or ingestion, indicating there are few barriers to gene flow even in small populations (Finlay et al., 2017). Across Europe, glossy buckthorn does show spatial genetic structure and patterns, with an east–west gradient of populations (Mosner et al., 2017). Levels of genetic differentiation are moderate, indicating some existing gene flow between populations across Europe (Mosner et al., 2017). Some genetic differentiation is attributed to natural selection for favourable adaptive traits to deal with drought, low temperature, and different levels of rainfall (De Kort et al., 2015).
Glossy buckthorn has a high seed dispersal capacity and a wide distribution (De Kort et al., 2015). It is insect pollinated, which limits its gene flow compared with wind-pollinated species, potentially causing genetic diversion in populations. However, seed dispersal by birds can overcome this limitation (De Kort et al., 2015; Mosner et al., 2017). Seed dispersal by birds is a key driver for glossy buckthorn genetic distribution and diversity (Mosner et al., 2017). However, large environmental differences across Europe and isolation by distance decreases effective gene flow of the species (De Kort et al., 2015).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
No information available.
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Although widespread in Europe, marginal populations of glossy buckthorn are fragmented and have been in serious decline because of drainage of key habitats such as boglands and climate change (Finlay et al., 2017).
Conservation efforts should focus on ensuring suitable habitat for the continued recovery of isolated populations. Populations can be supported with planting from local seed sources and larger populations growing under similar ecological conditions (Finlay et al., 2017). Lower genetic differentiation in western populations suggests that planting material from the west can be collected from more distant populations (Mosner et al., 2017).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Frangula alnus and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Contacts of experts
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Further reading
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References
De Kort, H., Vandepitte, K., Mergeay, J., Mijnsbrugge, K.V., and Honnay, O. 2015. The population genomic signature of environmental selection in the widespread insect-pollinated tree species Frangula alnus at different geographical scales. Heredity, 115(5): 415–425.
De Kort, H., Mergeay, J., Jacquemyn, H., and Honnay, O. 2016. Transatlantic invasion routes and adaptive potential in North American populations of the invasive glossy buckthorn, Frangula alnus. Annals of Botany, 118(6): 1089–1099.
Finlay, C.M., Bradley, C.R., Preston, S.J., and Provan, J. 2017. Low genetic diversity and potential inbreeding in an isolated population of alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus) following a founder effect. Scientific Reports, 7(1): 3010. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03166-1
Mosner, E., Eimert, K., Hüwe, U., Ziegenhagen, B., Janßen, A., and Leyer, I. 2017. Revisiting the provenance delineation of a widespread shrub, Frangula alnus—The role of spatial, temporal and environmental patterns. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 13: 63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-017-1142-z
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