To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Phoenix theophrasti conservation in Europe
Cretan date palm has low heterozygosity and genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation between populations (Vardareli et al., 2019; Boydak et al., 2021). Around 67% of genetic variation in Turkish populations was attributed to differences within populations (Vardareli et al., 2019). Cretan populations may have lower genetic diversity and greater genetic variation between populations than Turkish populations (Boydak et al., 2021).
Cretan date palm shows a positive correlation between geographic and genetic distances (Boydak et al., 2021). Fragmentation of Cretan date palm populations and reduced population densities have hampered pollen and seed movement, reduced gene flow and increasing inbreeding (Vardareli et al., 2019). Low gene flow between fragmented populations in Türkiye has resulted in genetic drift and high genetic differentiation (Vardareli et al., 2019; Boydak et al., 2021). Many fragmented populations of Cretan date palm have high variation in fruit and leaf traits (García-Granero et al., 2020). However, despite severe fragmentation, populations of Cretan date palm are still genetically similar, and inbreeding is low; this may indicate that populations were previously larger, and fragmentation has occurred only recently (Vardareli et al., 2019).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Cretan date palm is only recently described and not well established as a valid species (Vardareli et al., 2019). Cretan date palm is genetically like date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) and was considered the same species. However, it has since been identified as genetically distinct and divergent from date palm and other taxa (Vardareli et al., 2019; García-Granero et al., 2020; Boydak et al., 2021). Hybridization among palms is common, which can make species identification and status clarification difficult at the genus and species level (Vardareli et al., 2019).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Only a few populations of Cretan date palm survived the last glaciation, surviving in isolated areas, and remained as relict populations. These populations have experienced continued environmental changes and pressure from human activities over a long period (Vardareli et al., 2019). Many populations of Cretan date palm have disappeared or experienced recent decreases in population size as the result of land being cleared for cultivation (Vardareli et al., 2019). Recently, the greatest threat to Cretan date palm has been from tourist development and increased exploitation of groundwater causing droughts (Vardareli et al., 2019). Climate change will create a drier and warmer Mediterranean climate, threatening current palm populations and their genetic diversity (Vardareli et al., 2019). Use of palm cultivars and hybridization with other palm species could cause genetic dilution and erosion of Cretan date palm (Vardareli et al., 2019; García-Granero et al., 2020).
In situ and ex situ conservation are required to protect the genetic diversity of Cretan date palm (Vardareli et al., 2019). The species is already under strict protection, with the use of living material now prohibited and access to many of the species' habitats restricted in some areas of Greece (García-Granero et al., 2020).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Phoenix theophrasti and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
NA
Further reading
Gros-Balthazard, M., Baker, W.J., Leitch, I.J., Pellicer, J., Powell, R.F., and Bellot, S. 2021. Systematics and evolution of the genus Phoenix: Towards understanding date palm origins. In: J.M. Al-Khayri, S.M. Jain, and D.V. Johnson, eds. The date palm genome, Vol. 1: Phylogeny, biodiversity and mapping, pp. 29–54. Cham, Switzerland, Springer International Publishing.
References
Boydak, M., Teker, T., Gazdağli, A., Thanos, C.A., Çalişkan, S., Kaltsis, A., Çalikoğlu Tozlu, E., Fournaraki, C., and Albayrak, G. 2021. ISSR genotyping of Phoenix theophrasti natural populations in Turkey and Crete (Greece) and P. dactylifera. Nordic Journal of Botany, 39(10). https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.03104
García-Granero, J.J., Skoula, M., Sarpaki, A., Cárdenas, M., Madella, M., and Bogaard, A. 2020. A long-term assessment of the use of Phoenix theophrasti Greuter (Cretan date palm): The ethnobotany and archaeobotany of a neglected palm. Journal of Ethnobiology, 40(1): 101–114.
Vardareli, N., Doğaroğlu, T., Doğaç, E., Taşkın, V., and Göçmen Taşkın, B. 2019. Genetic characterization of tertiary relict endemic Phoenix theophrasti populations in Turkey and phylogenetic relations of the species with other palm species revealed by SSR markers. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 305: 415–429.
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