To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Pinus radiata conservation in Europe
The native range of Monterey pine in North America contains five disjunct populations, three on the Californian coast and two on Mexican islands, with varying levels of genetic diversity (Rogers, 2004). Monterey pine genetic diversity is influenced by factors such as natural range, historical migrations, and human-assisted introduction. The species has moderate to high levels of genetic diversity within and between populations, with a higher proportion of diversity between populations when compared with other conifers (Burdon, 1992). Growth rates, morphologies, wood properties, and resistance to environmental stresses vary in some native North American populations (Burdon, 1992). The genetic diversity of Monterey pine populations is low in Europe and monoculture systems compared with species with a broader natural distribution such as Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) or Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). This is because the species originates from a small number of seed sources, leading to a loss of diversity and genetic bottlenecks. The same is true of populations in New Zealand (Burdon and Low, 1992).
Pollen is wind transported, allowing genetic exchange between distant trees. However, Monterey pine has a low level of gene flow between populations when compared with other conifers because of its restricted range and geographic barriers (e.g. growing on islands) (Burdon, 1992; Rogers, 2004). However, human-mediated gene flow has taken place in Europe and North America through the introduction of individuals from plantations in New Zealand, leading to hybridization and introgression (Rogers, 2004).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Monterey pine has undergone a series of movements, expansions, and local extinctions as the result of human activity and climate events such as ice ages (Rogers, 2004). The species had a wide distribution across North America during the last glacial period. As the glaciers retreated, the species persisted in isolated refugia along the Pacific coast of North America.
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Low genetic diversity and bottlenecking makes the species vulnerable to diseases and environmental changes. Thus, conservation efforts aim to preserve and enhance genetic diversity by protecting natural populations, promoting seed collection from diverse sources, and encouraging the establishment of mixed stands. In northern Spain, individuals are selected for use in plantations based on resistance to pests and disease (especially pinewood nematode) as the species has demonstrated significant heritable genetic variation in susceptibility (Menéndez-Gutiérrez, Alonso, and Díaz, 2021).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Pinus radiata and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Contacts of experts
NA
Further reading
Dillon, S.K., Nolan, M.F., Matter, P., Gapare, W.J., Bragg, J.G., and Southerton, S.G. 2013. Signatures of adaptation and genetic structure among the mainland populations of Pinus radiata (D. Don) inferred from SNP loci. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 9: 1447–1463.
Moran, G.F. and Bell, J.C. 1987. The origin and genetic diversity of Pinus radiata in Australia. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 73: 616–622.
References
Burdon, R.D. 1992. Genetic survey of Pinus radiata. 9: General discussion and implications for genetic management. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 22(2/3): 274–298.
Burdon, R.D. and Low, C.B. 1992. Genetic survey of Pinus radiata. 6. Wood properties: variation, heritabilities, and interrelationships with other traits. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 22(2/3): 228–245.
Menéndez-Gutiérrez, M., Alonso, M. and Díaz, R., 2021. Assessing genetic variation in resistance to pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in Pinus radiata D. Don half-sib families. Forests, 12(11): 1474. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12111474
Rogers, D.L. 2004. In situ genetic conservation of a naturally restricted and commercially widespread species, Pinus radiata. Forest Ecology and Management, 197(1–3): 311–322.
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