To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Pistacia atlantica conservation in Europe
Atlantic pistachio has a high level of genetic diversity and pronounced genetic variation (Labdelli et al., 2020). The species' adaptability to different environments contributes to its genetic variation. The genetic diversity of Atlantic pistachio is high compared with other wild pistachio species both within and between populations, but only a moderate level compared with other plant species (Iranjo et al., 2015). Domesticated pistachio species may have higher levels of genetic diversity due to the use of many cultivars in agriculture.
Within-population genetic diversity of Atlantic pistachio is high, with up to 77% of genetic variation within populations (Nosrati et al., 2012; Shah-Ghobadi et al., 2018). Genetic studies within Algerian populations found a high enough level of genetic differentiation to characterize different populations that were a great distance apart, showing a variety of genetic entities among all populations (Labdelli et al., 2020). This would suggest climatic conditions and geographic distance have been able to differentiate the genetic diversity of the populations to a high amount as gene flow becomes limited; however, some populations remained similar as gene flow by seeds and pollen among nearby populations still occurs, facilitated by wind-dispersed pollen and animal-mediated seed dispersal (Labdelli et al., 2020). Within Algeria, populations in more extreme environmental conditions also possessed higher genetic diversity, and these populations may be highly valuable in the cultivation of domestic pistachio (Labdelli et al., 2020).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Being dioecious, Atlantic pistachio has separate male and female plants. Males make up a larger portion of the population and were more evenly distributed than females in sample populations (Nosrati et al., 2012). Genetic analysis has found male plants in the species have significantly higher levels of genetic diversity than do female plants, which is common among dioecious plants (Nosrati et al., 2012). Most genetic variation in the species is within populations, and within-population genetic diversity was higher for males of the species whereas between-population genetic diversity was not significantly different between males and females (Nosrati et al., 2012).
The difference in male and female genetic diversity and distribution and the sex ratio is an important consideration in the management and conservation of genetic resources of the species as small populations are more at risk from extinction, genetic drift, inbreeding, and lower evolutionary potential (Nosrati et al., 2012).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Human activities such as overgrazing, bush fires, and habitat fragmentation, coupled with climate change and desertification, are impacting gene-flow dynamics, causing genetic erosion and the loss of important germplasm and even some pistachio subspecies (Labdelli et al., 2020). As ongoing research continues to uncover the genetic intricacies of Atlantic pistachio, conservationists can use knowledge on the species genetic distribution and variation to formulate targeted strategies for preserving the species' genetic diversity, ensuring its resilience in the face of environmental challenges and human impacts. Identifying source populations rich in genetic diversity can aid in preserving adaptive potential and ensuring the long-term survival of the species.
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Pistacia atlantica and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Contacts of experts
NA
Further reading
El Zerey-Belaskri, A., Ribeiro, T., Alcaraz, M.L., EL Zerey, W., Castro, S., Loureiro, J., Benhassaini, H., and Hormaza, J.I. 2018. Molecular characterization of Pistacia atlantica Desf. subsp. atlantica (Anacardiaceae) in Algeria: Genome size determination, chromosome count and genetic diversity analysis using SSR markers. Scientia Horticulturae, 227: 278–287.
Shahghobadi, H., Shabanian, N., Rahmani, M.-S., and Khadivi, A, 2018. Genetic characterization of Pistacia atlantica subsp. kurdica from northern Zagros forests in Iran. Trees, 33: 481–490.
References
Iranjo, P., NabatiAhmadi, D., Sorkheh, K., Memeari, H.R., and Ercisli, S. 2015. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships between and within wild pistacia species populations and implications for its conservation. Journal of Forestry Research, 27: 685–697.
Labdelli, A., De La Herrán, R., Arafeh, R., Resentini, F., Trainotti, L., Halis, Y., Adda, A., and Merah, O. 2020. Genetic variation in damaged populations of Pistacia atlantica desf. Plants, 9: 1541. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111541
Nosrati, H., Husainpourfeizi, M.A., Khorasani, M., Razban-Haghighi, A., and Nikniazi, M. 2012. Sex ratio and genetic diversity in the dioecious Pistacia atlantica (Anacardiaceae). Journal of Agrobiology, 29: 41–46.
Shah-Ghobadi, H., Shabanian, N., Khadivi, A., and Rahmani, M.S. 2018. Analysis of genetic diversity of Pistacia atlantica Desf. populations from Zagros forests using ISSR, IRAP and SCoT molecular markers. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research, 26(2): 177-195.
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