To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Prunus spinosa conservation in Europe
Blackthorn is an allotetraploid, with most genetic variation found within populations and low genetic diversity between populations (Mohanty, Martín, and Aguinagalde, 2002). For example, Flemish populations were found to have 85% of their genetic variation within populations, as were German populations (Vander Mijnsbrugge et al., 2013; Leinemann et al., 2014). Blackthorn is morphologically diverse, such as in fruit characteristics, and certain populations, such as those in Türkiye, could be commercially valuable for their genetic diversity (Erturk et al., 2009).
Blackthorn populations within Europe appear to be split into a northern and southern group, with southern populations containing more genetic diversity and unique haplotypes (Mohanty, Martín, and Aguinagalde, 2002). High haplotype diversity in southern populations strongly indicates that many glacial refugia survived here (Mohanty, Martín, and Aguinagalde, 2002). Thirty-two haplotypes have been found in blackthorn within Europe, with three haplotypes being very common and at least one found in every population (Mohanty, Martín, and Aguinagalde, 2002).
A weak correlation between genetic and geographic distance in European blackthorn populations is observed only at large spatial scales (Vander Mijnsbrugge et al., 2013; Leinemann et al., 2014). For example, German blackthorn populations showed no association between genetic and geographic distance and no genetic differentiation from southern European populations (Leinemann et al., 2014). Blackthorn shows limited genetic structure across Europe. The reason for this is because gene flow and seed movement since postglacial recolonization have been high enough to erase existing genetic structuring (Mohanty, Martín, and Aguinagalde, 2002). On a national level, some blackthorn populations show genetic structuring. For example, populations in Flanders were found to have low genetic diversity and high differentiation from other European populations, making them interesting as a source of seed and planting stock (Vander Mijnsbrugge et al., 2013). Populations with high levels of vegetative reproduction or that have been planted with non-local material tend to be more genetically differentiated from other populations, which may be the case in Flanders (Leinemann et al., 2014; Vander Mijnsbrugge et al., 2016).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Blackthorn is a wild shrub that has undergone almost no artificial selection pressure or domestication (Erturk et al., 2009). High morphological diversity, especially in fruit characteristics, which has been strengthened by repeated hybridization with cultivated forms makes blackthorn commercially valuable (Erturk et al., 2009; Vander Mijnsbrugge et al., 2016). Hybridization between blackthorn and damson plum (Prunus insititia) can occur naturally or artificially and create Prunus × fruticans, which has large fruit; however, this variety is not genetically distinct from blackthorn (Vander Mijnsbrugge et al., 2016). Blackthorn is used for improving the rootstock of plums through interspecific hybridization and is one of the ancestors to the common plum (Prunus domestica) (Mohanty, Martín, and Aguinagalde, 2002). Studying the genotypes of blackthorn is valuable for breeders in selecting diverse genotypes and favourable fruit characteristics for crossing and selection programmes (Erturk et al., 2009).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
No available information.
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Prunus spinosa and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Contacts of experts
NA
Further reading
No available research.
References
Erturk, Y., Ercisli, S., Maghradze, D., Orhan, E., and Agar, G. 2009. An assessment of genetic variability and relationships among wild-grown blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) plants based on RAPD markers. Genetics and Molecular Research, 8(4): 1238–1244.
Leinemann, L., Kleinschmit, J., Fussi, B., Hosius, B., Kuchma, O., Arenhövel, W., Lemmen, P., Kätzel, R., Rogge, M., and Finkeldey, R. 2014. Genetic composition and differentiation of sloe (Prunus spinosa L.) populations in Germany with respect to the tracing of reproductive plant material. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 300: 2115–2125.
Mohanty, A., Martín, J.P., and Aguinagalde, I. 2002. Population genetic analysis of European Prunus spinosa (Rosaceae) using chloroplast DNA markers. American Journal of Botany, 89(8): 1223–1228.
Vander Mijnsbrugge, K., Depypere, L., Chaerle, P., Goetghebeur, P., and Breyne, P. 2013. Genetic and morphological variability among autochthonous Prunus spinosa populations in Flanders (northern part of Belgium): implications for seed sourcing. Plant Ecology and Evolution, 146(2): 193–202.
Vander Mijnsbrugge, K., Turcsán, A., Depypere, L., and Steenackers, M. 2016. Variance, genetic control, and spatial phenotypic plasticity of morphological and phenological traits in Prunus spinosa and its large fruited forms (P. × fruticans). Frontiers in Plant Science, 7: 1641. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01641
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