To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Pterocarya fraxinifolia conservation in Europe
Within the Caucasus region, Caucasian wingnut shows low to medium genetic diversity with genetic diversity decreasing from the Hyrcanian to Colchis regions (Maharramova et al., 2018). However, some studies show the species to have high genetic diversity, with greater genetic variation within populations than between them (Yousefzadeh et al., 2018). There is no evidence of inbreeding or genetic drift and the species maintains its genetic diversity because of its outcrossing nature and wind-pollination, which allows long-distance gene flow (Yousefzadeh et al., 2018). Construction of dams on many rivers within the tree’s native range has fragmented populations of Caucasian wingnut. However, this has not affected their genetic diversity because many of the existing trees are older than the dams (Yousefzadeh et al., 2018). This suggests that the high genetic diversity in Caucasian wingnut may be the result of the species having been more widespread in the past and high gene flow along rivers increased the species long-term survival (Yousefzadeh et al., 2018).
Caucasian wingnut is genetically differentiated into two groups in the Hyrcanian region and in the Colchis/Greater Caucuses. Allelic richness and heterozygosity are greater in Hyrcanian populations, which reveal 11 different haplotypes, compared with only two in Colchis/Greater Caucuses populations (Maharramova et al., 2018). However, Hyrcanian populations revealed significant isolation by distance. These genetic differences might be because these two populations have remained separate since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (Maharramova et al., 2018).
Caucasian wingnut has high gene flow between populations, but gene flow is higher between populations on the same river system than between populations on different river systems (Yousefzadeh et al., 2018).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
During the Oligocene and Miocene epochs (33.9 million to 5.333 million years ago), Caucasian wingnut was widespread in the northern hemisphere. However, the LGM (26 500 and 19 000 years ago) restricted the species to southern refugial areas such as in the Colchis and Hyrcanian regions (Maharramova et al., 2018; Wawrzyniak et al., 2020). However, some evidence suggests colonization from the south-east (Hyrcanian region) to north-west (Colchis) may have predated the LGM (Maharramova et al., 2018; Song et al., 2021). During the LGM, Caucasian wingnut occupied extremely small areas in microrefugia, which explains the low to intermediate levels of genetic diversity in some populations (Song et al., 2021).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Threats to Caucasian wingnut populations include clearing of lowland areas for agriculture and urban development, grazing, invasive species, gravel excavation for infrastructure development, and disruption of river ecosystem through construction of artificial barriers such as dams (Yousefzadeh et al., 2018; Song et al., 2021). Up to 99% of the riparian forests in Europe, which are suitable habitat for Caucasian wingnut, have disappeared (Yousefzadeh et al., 2018). Future climate change towards drier climates will further endanger remaining riparian forests and Caucasian wingnut populations (Yousefzadeh et al., 2018). Agricultural activities and low genetic diversity restrict the species’ ability to adapt to changing environments (Yousefzadeh et al., 2018).
Caucasian wingnut is currently under protection in national parks and state reserves in Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Iran (Yousefzadeh et al., 2018). Populations with the highest genetic diversity, such as ancient populations in the Hyrcanian region, should be prioritized for conservation efforts (Maharramova et al., 2018; Song et al., 2021). Additional areas should also be studied and have special conservation attention given to them, including the Euxinian region, which lost most of its habitat due to human activities, and the Irano-Turanian, region which has special climatic demands (Song et al., 2021).
Seeds of Caucasian wingnut cannot be dried and stored long term but can be stored at sub-zero temperatures for 1 year without losing viability and germinated after 8 weeks of cold stratification (Wawrzyniak et al., 2020).
Caucasian wingnut has a wide range of future suitable habitats in Europe and some expansion of the species has been observed in Belgium, France, Germany, Poland, and Switzerland; however, the invasiveness of the species needs to be assessed (Song et al., 2021).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Pterocarya fraxinifolia and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Contacts of experts
NA
Further reading
No available research.
References
Maharramova, E., Huseynova, I., Kolbaia, S., Gruenstaeudl, M., Borsch, T., and Muller, L.A. 2018. Phylogeography and population genetics of the riparian relict tree Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Juglandaceae) in the South Caucasus. Systematics and Biodiversity, 16(1): 14–27.
Song, Y.G., Walas, Ł., Pietras, M., Sâm, H.V., Yousefzadeh, H., Ok, T., Farzaliyev, V., Worobiec, G., Worobiec, E., Stachowicz-Rybka, R., and Boratyński, A. 2021. Past, present and future suitable areas for the relict tree Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Juglandaceae): Integrating fossil records, niche modeling, and phylogeography for conservation. European Journal of Forest Research, 140: 1323–1339.
Wawrzyniak, M.K., Jasińska, A.K., Chmielarz, P., and Kozlowski, G. 2020. Desiccation, dormancy, and storage of Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Juglandaceae) seeds: application in Hyrcanian and Colchian forest conservation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 50(1): 24–31.
Yousefzadeh, H., Rajaei, R., Jasińska, A., Walas, Ł., Fragnière, Y., and Kozlowski, G. 2018. Genetic diversity and differentiation of the riparian relict tree Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Juglandaceae) along altitudinal gradients in the Hyrcanian forest (Iran). Silva Fennica, 52(5): 10000. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.10000
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