To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Ulmus pumila conservation in Europe
Siberian elm has moderate within-population genetic diversity, because its adaptable nature allows it to colonise and thrive in different habitats. Natural populations are normally diverse, with high heterozygosity and low inbreeding. The species has significant genetic differentiation among populations, showing the species' evolutionary dynamics; introduced populations in North America and Europe have lower diversity than native Asian populations (Zalapa, Brunet, and Guries, 2010). The genetic variation of Siberian elm matches the morphological variation of the species, making Siberian elm easy to identify (Bertolasi et al., 2015). The species has unique genetic traits, which include tolerance to urban pollutants and resistance to Dutch elm disease (DED), contributing to its ecological success.
Siberian elm pollen and seed is dispersed by wind, capable of travelling up to 8 km from its source tree, and low self-pollination, reducing interbreeding. These traits promote high levels of mixing within and among populations in the species, like other elm species (Bertolasi et al., 2015).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Natural hybridization of the species has created a complex taxonomic history in Europe, increasing the genetic differentiation in natural populations and strongly affecting the levels of genetic diversity between and within populations, as well as affecting the genetic distribution of the species (Zalapa, Brunet, and Guries, 2010; Solla et al., 2015). High genetic diversity can increase the invasiveness of a species, while hybridization allows a species to overcome limitations caused by low genetic diversity when a small number of individuals spread to new habitat (Zalapa, Brunet, and Guries, 2010). Siberian elm has a high hybridization rate, which may make it invasive in Europe, but this trait has helped Siberian elm adapt to different habitats (Zalapa, Brunet, and Guries, 2010; Bertolasi et al., 2015). The species often hybridizes naturally with red elm (Ulmus rubra) and field elm (Ulmus minor) as there are low genetic barriers to mating (Zalapa, Brunet, and Guries, 2010, Bertolasi et al., 2015). In Spain, there are many naturalized hybrid populations of Siberian and field elm, with many hybrids closer to Siberian elm than field elm morphologically.
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Elm is not at risk of extinction in Europe. However, there have been two outbreaks of DED in the last century that have killed almost all the large native elm trees. As a result, there are few reproducing parent trees (Collin, 2023). Disease has led to drastic reduction of field elm in many European countries, such as in northern Italy, and this has allowed Siberian elm to colonize forest and field habitats in Europe. Siberian elm is resistant to DED and thus may be a tool for conservation of native European elms.
Action is being taken to find varieties of elm resistant to DED or hybrid combinations of field elm (Ulmus minor) and Siberian elm. Hybrids of field elm and Siberian elm have greater height growth rate and are more tolerant to DED than is field elm (Solla et al., 2015).
Efforts are under way to conserve Siberian elm genetic diversity, emphasizing the collection and storage of seeds from diverse populations to safeguard the species against potential threats, including diseases and environmental changes. These conservation measures aim to ensure the long-term survival and adaptability of Siberian elm in European ecosystems.
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Ulmus pumila and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Contacts of experts
NA
Further reading
Zalapa, J.E., Brunet, J., and Guries, R.P. 2008. Genetic diversity and relationships among Dutch elm disease tolerant Ulmus pumila L. accessions from China. Genome, 51(7): 492–500.
References
Bertolasi, B., Leonarduzzi, C., Piotti, A., Leonardi, S., Zago, L., Gui, L., Gorian, F., Vanetti, I., and Binelli, G. 2015. A last stand in the Po valley: genetic structure and gene flow patterns in Ulmus minor and U. pumila. Annals of Botany, 115(4): 683–692.
Collin, E. 2023. The genetic conservation of European elms. Rome, EUFORGEN.
Solla, A., López-Almansa, J.C., Martín, J.A., and Gil, L. 2014. Genetic variation and heritability estimates of Ulmus minor and Ulmus pumila hybrids for budburst, growth and tolerance to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 8(4): 422–430.
Zalapa, J.E., Brunet, J., and Guries, R.P., 2010. Original article: The extent of hybridization and its impact on the genetic diversity and population structure of an invasive tree, Ulmus pumila (Ulmaceae). Evolutionary Applications, 3(2): 157–168.
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