To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Acer campestre conservation in Europe
Field maple is not ordinarily managed, mainly growing spontaneously; therefore, its distribution and genetic variation are close to its natural state (Nagy and Ducci, 2004; Wahlsteen et al., 2023). However recent colonization events may have caused genetic bottlenecking in sub-Mediterranean populations (Kvesić et al., 2020).
Field maple is a taxonomically divided species, with large variations between individuals (Nagy and Ducci, 2004). Genetic differentiation is assumed to be high in field maple based on its high morphological variation and its wide ecological range (Nagy and Ducci, 2004). However, genetic differentiation in Bosnian populations was found to be low, indicating a lack of barriers to gene flow despite fragmentation (Kvesić et al., 2020). Despite this, populations still showed isolation by distance, environment and temperature (Kvesić et al., 2020). Low differentiation and isolation by distance has been shown in populations across Europe (Ducci et al., 2010; Wahlsteen et al., 2023).
Studies have identified a north-western, a central, and an eastern subdivision in European populations of field maple derived from three glacial refugia, with high admixture between groups (Wahlsteen et al., 2023). The north-western gene pool has lower allelic richness than the eastern gene pool, while many populations show a transition between ecoregions, such as those in southern Scandinavia (Wahlsteen et al., 2023).
Low genetic differentiation in field maple reflects the extensive gene flow and colonization of the species (Ducci et al., 2010). Field maple is insect pollinated and self-compatible. Its seed dispersal is limited and can reproduce vegetatively, which leads to higher genetic variation between populations (Nagy and Ducci, 2004). However, inbreeding is limited by functional separation of unisex flowers and flowering phases (Nagy and Ducci, 2004).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the range of field maple contracted to populations in the south of France and in the Balkans (Wahlsteen et al., 2023). As a result, the species has a genetic gradient from the south-east to the north-west due to pre-glacial dispersal and population expansion after the LGM (Wahlsteen et al., 2023). Postglacial colonization also possibly led to some genetic bottlenecking of populations (Kvesić et al., 2020). Some genetic diversity was lost during recolonization due to environmental adaptation and founding effects (Wahlsteen et al., 2023).
Mediterranean populations are genetically differentiated from central European populations and show higher genetic diversity, the result of originating from different glacial refugia and mixing between populations (Kvesić et al., 2020). Gene flow is not at a high enough level to erase differentiation caused by populations originating from different refugia (Kvesić et al., 2020).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Field maple is not endangered at species level as stress caused by human influence, biotic and climatic factors, and hybridization pressure are considered low for the species (Nagy and Ducci, 2004). However, habitat destruction and land-use changes have affected the species and field maple in managed stands has suffered from competition from invasive species such as Boxelder maple (Acer negundo) or green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica). Marginal populations may be under threat if they become too small to maintain sufficient genetic diversity (Nagy and Ducci, 2004).
Low intensity in situ conservation is recommended since field maple genetic resources are in a stable state (Nagy and Ducci, 2004). However, inventories and genetic studies are needed to assess the existing genetic diversity and distribution as this information is lacking (Nagy and Ducci, 2004). Marginal populations, endangered, fragmented, or small populations, and stands growing under special conditions or carrying unique features may require ex situ conservation to supplement conservation networks and ensure that they are represented (Nagy and Ducci, 2004).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Acer campestre and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Acer campestre - Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use for field maple
Publication Year: 2004Given the presumed good overall status of the genetic resources and the limited value of field maple, a low-intensity in situ conservation approach is advised.
An efficient conservation programme requires substantial genetic knowledge of the target species. In order to obtain this knowledge, inventories and genetic studies are needed to assess the existing genetic diversity and its distribution. As this information is lacking, several general measures are described below.
With regard to the different ecological conditions within the natural distribution, a network of at least 30 in situ conservation units, each with more than 50 unrelated, flowering and seeddispersing specimens, is needed to capture the existing adaptability. This network should evenly cover the whole distribution area, as well as the ecological variation of the occurrences.
In order to enhance efficiency, the network might include existing conservation areas, seed stands, breeding collections and conservation units of other species (e.g. oak, beech, other noble hardwoods), as long as the management practices and measures do not hinder the conservation of field maple genetic resources.
The marginal regions should also be represented. In the case of endangered, fragmented or small populations, and stands growing under special conditions or carrying unique features, ex situ collections should supplement the network of conservation units. These collections should be established from propagation material obtained within the same ecological region, should be designed to avoid inbreeding and be preferred for use as seed sources.
Maintaining the landscape function of field maple in vineyards could be an efficient approach for on-farm conservation in agricultural areas.
Given the presumed good overall status of the genetic resources and the limited value of field maple, a low-intensity in situ conservation approach is advised.
An efficient conservation programme requires substantial genetic knowledge of the target species. In order to obtain this knowledge, inventories and genetic studies are needed to assess the existing genetic...
Contacts of experts
NA
Further reading
Chybicki, I.J., Waldon-Rudzionek, B., and Meyza, K. 2014. Population at the edge: increased divergence but not inbreeding towards northern range limit in Acer campestre. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 10: 1739–1753.
Kvesić, S., Hodžić, M.M., Čater, M., and Ballian, D. 2021. Morphologic variability of the Acer campestre L. populations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Acta Biologica Sibirica, 7: 327–343.
References
Ducci, F., Proietti, R., Carone, G., and Apuzzo, S. 2010. First surveys on genetic variability and structure of field maple (Acer campestre L.) in natural and managed populations in the landscape of central and southern Italy. Annals of Silvicultural Research, 36: 125–138.
Kvesić, S., Hodžić, M.M., Ballian, D., Gömöry, D., and Fussi, B. 2020. Genetic variation of a widespread subdominant tree species (Acer campestre L.) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 16(6): 82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-020-01473-9
Nagy, L. and Ducci, F. 2004. EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for genetic conservation and use for field maple (Acer campestre). Rome, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. 6 pp..
Wahlsteen, E., Avramidou, E.V., Bozic, G., Mediouni, R.M., Schuldt, B., and Sobolewska, H. 2023. Continental-wide population genetics and post-Pleistocene range expansion in field maple (Acer campestre L.), a subdominant temperate broadleaved tree species. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 19(2): 15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-023-01590-1
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