To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Cedrus libani conservation in Europe
Cedar of Lebanon has high genetic diversity across its range, giving it high adaptability. However, genetic diversity is lower in cedar of Lebanon than in other conifer species such as Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica) (Kayıhan et al., 2006). Isolated and/or small populations of cedar of Lebanon in some parts of its range have been shown to have low polymorphism and genetic diversity, which usually occurs in colonizer-species with very narrow geographic distributions (Kayıhan et al., 2006). Low polymorphism could be the result of overexploitation of cedar of Lebanon genetic resources and fragmentation and small sizes of populations (Kayıhan et al., 2006). However, genetic diversity of cedar of Lebanon is comparable with species having similar distributions that have not suffered from extreme degradation, and population size is uncorrelated with genetic diversity (Semaan and Dodd, 2008).
Cedar of Lebanon shows geographic structuring of genetic diversity, with populations in Lebanon and Türkiye forming two genetically isolated groups that originate from different glacial refugia (Fady et al., 2008). Some genetic variation was also correlated with temperature and humidity, suggesting genes related to drought tolerance have a significant impact on genetic distribution of the species (Semaan and Dodd, 2008).
Typically, Turkish populations have low differentiation and little evidence of genetic drift within populations, demonstrating extensive gene flow between populations (Fady et al., 2008; Semaan and Dodd, 2008). In contrast, Lebanese populations have higher differentiation and severe cases of genetic drift as the result of low gene flow (Fady et al., 2008). However, differentiation was still less than expected given the restricted range and fragmented nature of Lebanese populations given the short distances between populations (Semaan and Dodd, 2008).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
No information available.
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Fragmentation, fires, overgrazing, and climate change are major threats to cedar of Lebanon (Kayıhan et al., 2006). Human exploitation of the tree began as early as 6 000 years ago and during World War 1 the species was heavily harvested (Semaan and Dodd, 2008). Cedar of Lebanon is still one of the most commercially important tree species in Türkiye (Kayıhan et al., 2006). Populations isolated from the core of the species distribution typically have higher genetic differentiation and lower genetic diversity, putting their survival under threat and making them a priority for conservation (Fady et al., 2008).
Surveys and assessments of cedar of Lebanon genetic diversity in remnant forests are key for management and reforestation strategies, because possible genetic differentiation of genes involved in drought tolerance has major implications for cedar regeneration and conservation activities (Semaan and Dodd, 2008). Cedar of Lebanon is adaptable, so the species will be able to survive future climate changes if existing genetic diversity can be maintained. The tree is in great demand for use in afforestation and reforestation programmes outside the current natural range of the species (Kayıhan et al., 2006).
Natural stands of cedar of Lebanon have high variation in fertility among individual trees. It is thus important to maximize the number of trees in a stand that seed is collected from and mix seeds from different years to increase the genetic diversity of collected seeds (Bilir and Kang, 2021). Established genetic reserves should be close to 100 ha to ensure that enough genetic variability is captured (Kayıhan et al., 2006). Cedar forests in Lebanon are distinct and highly valued as relict genetic resources (Semaan and Dodd, 2008) and deserve high conservation priority as they are the remnants of millenniums-long extensive deforestation (Fady et al., 2008).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Cedrus libani and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Contacts of experts
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Further reading
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References
Bilir, N. and Kang, K.S. 2021. Fertility variation, seed collection and gene diversity in natural stands of Taurus cedar (Cedrus libani). European Journal of Forest Research, 140(1): 199–208.
Fady, B., Lefèvre, F., Vendramin, G.G., Ambert, A., Régnier, C., and Bariteau, M. 2008. Genetic consequences of past climate and human impact on eastern Mediterranean Cedrus libani forests. Implications for their conservation. Conservation Genetics, 9(1): 85–95.
Kayıhan, G.C., Kaya, Z., Kandemır, G., and Önde, S., 2006. The genetic structure of Cedrus libani A. Rich seed stands determined by random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Forest Genetics, 12(3): 181–190.
Semaan, M.T. and Dodd, R.S. 2008. Genetic variability and structure of the remnant natural populations of Cedrus libani (Pinaceae) of Lebanon. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 4: 757–766.
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