To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Juniperus oxycedrus conservation in Europe
Prickly juniper populations have been shown to have high levels of polymorphism and genetic diversity, with high genetic variation within populations (Boratyński et al., 2014; Curto et al., 2015; Brus, Idžojtić, and Jarni, 2016). Populations of the tree in Andalusia have very high genetic and haplotype diversity, with many unique haplotypes, making Andalusia a reservoir of genetic diversity for prickly juniper (Juan et al., 2012). Even marginal populations of prickly juniper have high genetic diversity comparable to that of central populations (Brus, Idžojtić, and Jarni, 2016).
Prickly juniper has some weak genetic structuring but genetic differentiation between populations is low, with high variability within populations (Curto et al., 2015). Genetic structuring is related to tree age, indicating that some populations contribute more to recolonization than others, either from having more mature trees to produce seed or just having larger populations (Curto et al., 2015). This structuring can occur when habitat fragmentation is followed by expansion and may indicate populations are still recovering from past fragmentation as trees established during recolonization are not fully mixed with older trees (Curto et al., 2015).
Western populations of prickly juniper have higher genetic diversity than eastern populations (Boratyński et al., 2014). However, there is a lack of genetic differentiation between African and European populations, suggesting long-distance gene flow facilitated by small birds and mammals remains high and that the Strait of Gibraltar has not acted as a biogeographical barrier as it has for other conifer species (Juan et al., 2012; Boratyński et al., 2014). Populations on the Spanish Mediterranean coast may originate from colonization by North African Atlantic populations and identical haplotypes are found on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts (Juan et al., 2012). Even populations in Morocco and Corsica are genetically similar (Boratyński et al., 2014), although African prickly juniper populations are morphologically different to European populations because of climatic differences (Boratyński et al., 2014).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Prickly juniper has two subspecies, Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus and Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. badia. The latter occupies a marginal position in the range of Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus (Boratyński et al., 2014). Prickly juniper is also genetically like the Eastern prickly juniper (Juniperus deltoides), with the two species having diverged at 8–10 million years ago (Boratyński et al., 2014).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Prickly juniper faces genetic threats from habitat loss, climate change, and human activities such as overgrazing and land development that cause fragmentation of populations. Climate change may alter suitable habitats, stressing populations and potentially reducing their range. Prickly juniper has low fertility and low production of viable seeds, resulting in low reproductive success, making it potentially more susceptible to fragmentation (Curto et al., 2015).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Juniperus oxycedrus and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Contacts of experts
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Further reading
Adams, R.P., Morris, J.A., Pandey, R.N., and Schwarzbach, A.E. 2005. Cryptic speciation between Juniperus deltoides and Juniperus oxycedrus (Cupressaceae) in the Mediterranean. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 33(8): 771–787.
References
Boratyński, A., Wachowiak, W., Dering, M., Krystyna, B., Katarzyna, S., Sobierajska, K., Jasińska, A.K., Klimko, M., Montserrat, J.M., Romo, A., and Ok, T. 2014. The biogeography and genetic relationships of Juniperus oxycedrus and related taxa from the Mediterranean and Macaronesian regions. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 174(4): 637–653.
Brus, R., Idžojtić, M., and Jarni, K. 2016. Morphologic variation in northern marginal Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus populations in Istria. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 150(2): 274–284.
Curto, M., Nogueira, M., Beja, P., Amorim, F., Schümann, M., and Meimberg, H. 2015. Influence of past agricultural fragmentation to the genetic structure of Juniperus oxycedrus in a Mediterranean landscape. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 11: 32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-015-0861-2
Juan, A., Fay, M.F., Pastor, J., Juan, R., Fernández, I., and Crespo, M.B. 2012. Genetic structure and phylogeography in Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa around the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of the Iberian Peninsula, based on AFLP and plastid markers. European Journal of Forest Research, 131: 845–856.
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