To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Pinus brutia conservation in Europe
Brutia pine shows high genetic diversity within and between populations, with greater diversity within populations than between them (Kandedmir, Kandemir, and Kaya, 2004; Kurt et al., 2012). This high genetic diversity could be the result of natural stands growing in a wide range of soil types, altitudinal ranges, and climatic conditions and thus generating variation in forms and growth characteristics (Kurt et al., 2011). Genetic diversity is high in Turkish populations, which may be the result of genetic exchange between coastal and high-elevation populations increasing their genetic diversity (Kurt et al., 2011). Brutia pine is genetically like the Aleppo pine and hybridization occurs. However, hybridization is not possible with Brutia pine as a pollen parent, creating unidirectional gene flow Aleppo pine to Brutia pine (Fady, Semerci, and Vendramin, 2003). Wildfires regularly affect Brutia pines, but there does not appear to be a difference in genetic diversity between remnant mature populations and young regenerating populations after fire disturbances (Aravanopoulos, Panetsos, and Skaltsoyiannes, 2004).
Some research shows no patterns of genetic diversity related to geography, elevation, or breeding zones (Kandedmir, Kandemir, and Kaya, 2004). However, some research has identified geographic structuring of genetic diversity in Brutia pine as well as in adaptive trait variability (Fady, Semerci, and Vendramin, 2003). In Türkiye, some research revealed morphological and genetic variation in Brutia pine related to altitude and associated climatic factors more so than distance between populations (Kurt et al., 2012).
There is also a lack of genetic differentiation between populations due to continued extensive gene flow between populations (Kandedmir, Kandemir, and Kaya, 2004), although some populations in Türkiye were revealed to be highly differentiated, especially those at the altitudinal limit of the species (Kurt et al., 2012). Populations of Brutia pine in the western Mediterranean were shown to have higher genetic differentiation than eastern populations (Kandedmir, Kandemir, and Kaya, 2004).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
No information available.
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Brutia pines are not considered threatened by environmental changes, but it is expected that populations will be subject to altitudinal shifts because of climate warming, which will modify the distribution range of the species (Fady, Semerci, and Vendramin, 2003; Kurt et al., 2012). Threats to the trees include insects such as Thaumatopea pityocampa, a moth that rarely kills the tree but can cause defoliation (Fady, Semerci, and Vendramin, 2003). Forest fires are necessary for the tree's regeneration, but they may still cause genetic changes in the species over time (Fady, Semerci, and Vendramin, 2003). The planting of ill-adapted reproductive material has also reduced adaptability and genetic diversity of local populations (Fady, Semerci, and Vendramin, 2003). Human activity has resulted in population fragmentation, which lowers genetic exchange among subpopulations and increases isolation and has resulted in a slight loss of genetic diversity (Kandedmir, Kandemir, and Kaya, 2004).
Genetic conservation efforts should be carried out across the species range, but most Brutia pine populations are found in fire-sensitive areas and intensive plantation environments. Therefore, new genetic reserves should be established using several seed stands with high genetic diversity that is representative of breeding populations (Kandedmir, Kandemir, and Kaya, 2004). Fire could threaten some genetic reserves, and therefore duplication of seed stands is advisable (Kandedmir, Kandemir, and Kaya, 2004). Fire encourages natural regeneration of Brutia pine, but artificial regeneration may be necessary to minimize the risk of genetic erosion if regeneration is poor in the first 2 years after fire or only a few isolated seed trees remain in the burned area (Fady, Semerci, and Vendramin, 2003).
Selection of seed sources, determination of seed transfer zones, and genetic resource conservation programmes must consider the effects of altitude on the genetic variation of the species and identify populations with higher genetic variation (Kurt et al., 2012). Marginal populations, such as those at high altitudes, may contain valuable genes for adaptation under global warming and the artificial expansion of the species through assisted migration, so these populations should be targeted for gene reserves (Fady, Semerci, and Vendramin, 2003). Seed should not be transferred across countries or zones with different ecological requirements to avoid using ill-adapted reproductive material; therefore, local populations should be given special attention (Fady, Semerci, and Vendramin, 2003).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Pinus brutia and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Pinus halepensis and Pinus brutia - Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use for Aleppo and Brutia pine
Publication Year: 2003Current conservation measures undertaken at national levels most commonly include in situ gene conservation networks specifically designed for the target species (e.g. in Turkey, 52 P. brutia conservation units) and forest reserves or national parks which include the target species. Ex situ measures include clonal archives, cold storage seed banks and DNA banks.
To increase the efficiency of in situ genetic resource conservation, a concerted management effort should be carried out range-wide. Although transfer of seed material is often legally possible, it should be avoided across zones and countries with different ecological requirements, notably because of cold, drought and insect damage risks.
Locally, some populations require specific attention and appropriate forestry practice.
Marginal populations. As populations at high altitudes, in desert margins and mixed forests may contain valuable genes (resistance to drought, cold, pests) for adaptation under global warming, efforts such as gene reserves should be made to conserve them.
Population under recurrent forest fires. Because they are adapted to forest fires, both pines usually regenerate well after fire, using the seed bank released from serotinous cones. If regeneration happens to be poor in the first 2 years after fire, and if only a few isolated seed trees remain in the burnt area, artificial regeneration should be used to counteract the risk of genetic erosion in the juveniles. In this case, seed lots collected from large genepools should be used (e.g. at least 30 trees per population from at least three populations from a single seed zone).
Populations where hybridization may occur. Planting Aleppo pine where Brutia pine is present should be avoided in areas where frost and potential pest damage are limiting factors, or strictly monitored in areas where drought is the limiting factor. Owing to the anisotropy of between-species gene flow, the impact should be reduced when planting Brutia pine in the vicinity of Aleppo pine forests.
Contacts of experts
NA
Further reading
N/A
References
Aravanopoulos, F.A., Panetsos, K.P., and Skaltsoyiannes, A. 2004. Genetic structure of Pinus brutia stands exposed to wild fires. Plant Ecology, 171: 175–183.
Fady, B., Semerci, H., and Vendramin, G.G., 2003. EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for genetic conservation and use for Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) and Brutia pine (Pinus brutia). Rome, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. 6 pages.
Kandedmir, G.E., Kandemir, I., and Kaya, Z. 2004. Genetic variation in Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) seed stands as determined by RAPD markers. Silvae Genetica, 53(4): 169–175.
Kurt, Y., Bilgen, B., Kaya, N., and Işik, K. 2011. Genetic comparison of Pinus brutia Ten. populations from different elevations by RAPD markers. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 39(2): 299–304.
Kurt, Y., González-Martínez, S.C., Alía, R., and Isik, K. 2012. Genetic differentiation in Pinus brutia Ten. using molecular markers and quantitative traits: the role of altitude. Annals of Forest Science, 69: 345–351.
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