To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Quercus frainetto conservation in Europe
Hungarian oak has high levels of polymorphism, variability in morphological traits of seedlings, phenotypic variation, genetic differentiation, and genetic diversity comparable to those of other oak species (Curtu et al., 2011; Popović et al., 2021; Tsavkov and Zhelev, 2022). However, its genetic diversity and allelic richness are lower than those of related species such as downy oak (Quercus pubescens) (Curtu et al., 2011). This may be because Hungarian oak has lower levels of hybridization than downy oak and thus lower levels of introgression, or because there are larger geographic distances between populations of Hungarian oak (Curtu et al., 2011). Populations in the Balkans have especially high genetic variation (Bordács, Zhelev, and Schirone, 2019). Most genetic diversity in Hungarian oak is within populations, with a lower level of genetic differentiation between populations (Popović et al., 2021; Tsavkov and Zhelev, 2022).
There is typically no spatial trend in the genetic diversity of Hungarian oak, despite some grouping of geographically close populations, demonstrating high and effective gene flow between populations via seed dispersal by birds and rodents (Bordács, Zhelev, and Schirone, 2019; Tsavkov and Zhelev, 2022).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Hungarian oak is closely related to and shares genes with downy oak, English oak (Quercus robur), and sessile oak (Quercus pubescens) (Popović et al., 2021). However, it is genetically distinct from all of them (Curtu et al., 2011; Bordács, Zhelev, and Schirone, 2019). Genetic differentiation between Hungarian oak and Kasnak oak (Quercus vulcanica) is very low despite differing morphology and being genetically distinguishable (Yücedağ, Müller, and Gailing, 2021). Hybridization between Hungarian oak and related species is rare but does occur, indicating that reproductive barriers in Hungarian oak may be stronger than in other oak species (Curtu et al., 2011).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Humans have cleared many Hungarian oak forests for agricultural land and most oak forests are now managed (Bordács, Zhelev, and Schirone, 2019; Popović et al., 2021). Climate change, indiscriminate cutting, poor silvicultural management, fires, overgrazing, and intensive game management (especially during the regeneration period) are currently the main threats to Hungarian oak genetic diversity (Bordács, Zhelev, and Schirone, 2019). Natural regeneration of Hungarian oak is low as it struggles to compete with more competitive species such as Turkey oak (Quercus cerris). Most current regeneration of Hungarian oaks is vegetative, which reduces its genetic diversity (Popović et al., 2021).
Due to its adaptive potential, Hungarian oak could be valuable for climate adaptation through gene flow from the south into the temperate oak populations in Central and Eastern Europe (Bordács, Zhelev, and Schirone, 2019). Genetic variation in Hungarian oak is high enough and of sufficient quality for it to be used in breeding programmes for future genetic improvement for drought tolerance (Popović et al., 2021). Even isolated populations have a significant amount of genetic variation and, therefore, can be considered in sustainable management activities (Tsavkov and Zhelev, 2022).
In situ conservation methods based on natural regeneration should be preferred over ex situ conservation (Bordács, Zhelev, and Schirone, 2019). Hungarian oak stands typically grow with other oak species and are managed in coppice systems, but conversion to high forest – established from seedlings rather than coppice shoots – is preferred (Bordács, Zhelev, and Schirone, 2019). Where artificial regeneration is necessary, local material should be preferred unless it is of inferior quality. If local material is not adequate, material should be introduced from localities with site conditions like those at the regeneration site (Bordács, Zhelev, and Schirone, 2019). When in situ conservation is not sufficient, ex situ programmes should be adapted to local conditions and incorporate genetic conservation criteria into forestry management to guarantee high genetic quality (Bordács, Zhelev, and Schirone, 2019).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Quercus frainetto and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Quercus frainetto - Technical guidelines for genetic conservation of Hungarian oak
Publication Year: 2019For Q. frainetto, as a stand forming oak species, in situ conservation methods based on natural regeneration should generally be preferred. Hungarian oak usually grows in mixed stands with Q. cerris and Q.petraea and, due to their good resprouting ability, the coppice system has been predominantly used for ages. However, after a fast initial growth, accompanying species often overgrow and suffocate it. On the contrary, Q.frainetto grows well with high forest or in a coppice system where the number of stems per stump is reduced to one single stem, which would be by itself a good measure for the species’ in situ protection. It is recommended to convert coppiced Q. frainetto and Q. cerris mixed stands to high forests for 80–90 years. In the case of natural regeneration, a special method should be applied, by leaving 80–150 seed-bearing trees/ha (according to the size of the plants) for regeneration. High forests and coppice with single stems per stump of Q. frainetto can usually be regenerated naturally, but, when needed, direct seeding or planting of seedlings could also be applied.
When artificial regeneration is carried out according to the principles of genetic conservation, then the following requirements for the use of reproductive material must be observed:
If in situ methods are not sufficient, ex situ conservation programmes should be used as well in order to preserve the endangered gene pool. Ex situ programmes should be adapted to the local conditions to incorporate genetic conservation criteria into forestry management, in order to guarantee the genetic quality of the materials used in plantations. Due to its adaptive potential, Hungarian oak might have an increasing role in present and future sub Mediterranean regions, which may be important in the context of climate change.
Since limited genetic information about Q. frainetto is available, it is recommended that genetic conservation programmes start with the following objectives: conservation of endangered, marginal populations and habitats of Q. frainetto; sampling the genetic diversity; establishment of Genetic Conservation Units based on long term autochthony, high biodiversity value and location in ecologically diverse regions of large populations (> 1000 individuals).
For Q. frainetto, as a stand forming oak species, in situ conservation methods based on natural regeneration should generally be preferred. Hungarian oak usually grows in mixed stands with Q. cerris and Q.petraea and, due to their good resprouting ability, the coppice system has been predominantly used for ages. However, after a fast initial growth, accompanying...
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Contacts of experts
NA
Further reading
Curtu, A.L., Gailing, O., Leinemann, L., and Finkeldey, R. 2007. Genetic variation and differentiation within a natural community of five oak species (Quercus spp.). Plant Biology, 9(1): 116–126.
Antonecchia, G., Fortini, P., Lepais, O., Gerber, S., Legér, P., Scippa, G.S., and Viscosi, V. 2015. Genetic structure of a natural oak community in central Italy: evidence of gene flow between three sympatric white oak species (Quercus, Fagaceae). Annals of Forest Research, 58(2): 205–216.
References
Bordács S., Zhelev, P., and Schirone, B. 2019. EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for genetic conservation and use for Hungarian oak (Quercus frainetto). Barcelona, Spain, European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN), European Forest Institute. 6 pages.
Curtu, A.L., Moldovan, I.C., Enescu, M.C., Craciunesc, I., and Sofletea, N. 2011. Genetic differentiation between Quercus frainetto Ten. and Q. pubescens Willd. in Romania. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 39(1): 275–282.
Popović, V., Lučić, A., Rakonjac, L., Jovanović, S., and Lazarević, I. 2021. Variability of Hungarian oak (Quercus frainetto Ten.) from the territory of Lipovica according to morphological traits of seedlings. Sustainable Forestry: Collection, 83–84: 27–36.
Tsavkov, E. and Zhelev, P. 2022. Allozyme variation in Quercus frainetto Ten. populations in Bulgaria. Forestry Ideas, 28(1): 45–54.
Yücedağ, C., Müller, M., and Gailing, O. 2021. Morphological and genetic variation in natural populations of Quercus vulcanica and Q. frainetto. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 307: 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01737-w
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