To learn more about the map elements, please download the "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees"
This distribution map has been developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (partly based on the EUFORGEN map) and released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12, 662-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007
The following experts have contributed to the development of the EUFORGEN distribution maps:
Fazia Krouchi (Algeria), Hasmik Ghalachyan (Armenia), Thomas Geburek (Austria), Berthold Heinze (Austria), Rudi Litschauer (Austria), Rudolf Litschauer (Austria), Michael Mengl (Austria), Ferdinand Müller (Austria), Franz Starlinger (Austria), Valida Ali-zade (Azerbaijan), Vahid Djalal Hajiyev (Azerbaijan), Karen Cox (Belgium), Bart De Cuyper (Belgium), Olivier Desteucq (Belgium), Patrick Mertens (Belgium), Jos Van Slycken (Belgium), An Vanden Broeck (Belgium), Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge (Belgium), Dalibor Ballian (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Alexander H. Alexandrov (Bulgaria), Alexander Delkov (Bulgaria), Ivanova Denitsa Pandeva (Bulgaria), Peter Zhelev Stoyanov (Bulgaria), Joso Gracan (Croatia), Marilena Idzojtic (Croatia), Mladen Ivankovic (Croatia), Željka Ivanović (Croatia), Davorin Kajba (Croatia), Hrvoje Marjanovic (Croatia), Sanja Peric (Croatia), Andreas Christou (Cyprus), Xenophon Hadjikyriacou (Cyprus), Václav Buriánek (Czech Republic), Jan Chládek (Czech Republic), Josef Frýdl (Czech Republic), Petr Novotný (Czech Republic), Martin Slovacek (Czech Republic), Zdenek Špišek (Czech Republic), Karel Vancura (Czech Republic), Ulrik Bräuner (Denmark), Bjerne Ditlevsen (Denmark), Jon Kehlet Hansen (Denmark), Jan Svejgaard Jensen (Denmark), Kalev Jðgiste (Estonia), Tiit Maaten (Estonia), Raul Pihu (Estonia), Ülo Tamm (Estonia), Arvo Tullus (Estonia), Aivo Vares (Estonia), Teijo Nikkanen (Finland), Sanna Paanukoski (Finland), Mari Rusanen (Finland), Pekka Vakkari (Finland), Leena Yrjänä (Finland), Daniel Cambon (France), Eric Collin (France), Alexis Ducousso (France), Bruno Fady (France), François Lefèvre (France), Brigitte Musch (France), Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio (France), Luc E. Pâques (France), Julien Saudubray (France), Marc Villar (France), Vlatko Andonovski (FYR Macedonia), Dragi Pop-Stojanov (FYR Macedonia), Merab Machavariani (Georgia), Irina Tvauri (Georgia), Alexander Urushadze (Georgia), Bernd Degen (Germany), Jochen Kleinschmit (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Armin König (Germany), Volker Schneck (Germany), Richard Stephan (Germany), H. H. Kausch-Blecken Von Schmeling (Germany), Georg von Wühlisch (Germany), Iris Wagner (Germany), Heino Wolf (Germany), Paraskevi Alizoti (Greece), Filippos Aravanopoulos (Greece), Andreas Drouzas (Greece), Despina Paitaridou (Greece), Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou (Greece), Kostas Thanos (Greece), Sándor Bordács (Hungary), Csaba Mátyás (Hungary), László Nagy (Hungary), Thröstur Eysteinsson (Iceland), Adalsteinn Sigurgeirsson (Iceland), Halldór Sverrisson (Iceland), John Fennessy (Ireland), Ellen O'Connor (Ireland), Fulvio Ducci (Italy), Silvia Fineschi (Italy), Bartolomeo Schirone (Italy), Marco Cosimo Simeone (Italy), Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin (Italy), Lorenzo Vietto (Italy), Janis Birgelis (Latvia), Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lithuania), Kestutis Cesnavicius (Lithuania), Darius Danusevicius (Lithuania), Valmantas Kundrotas (Lithuania), Alfas Pliûra (Lithuania), Darius Raudonius (Lithuania), Robert du Fays (Luxembourg), Myriam Heuertz (Luxembourg), Claude Parini (Luxembourg), Fred Trossen (Luxembourg), Frank Wolter (Luxembourg), Joseph Buhagiar (Malta), Eman Calleja (Malta), Ion Palancean (Moldova), Dragos Postolache (Moldova), Gheorghe Postolache (Moldova), Hassan Sbay (Morocco), Tor Myking (Norway), Tore Skrøppa (Norway), Anna Gugala (Poland), Jan Kowalczyk (Poland), Czeslaw Koziol (Poland), Jan Matras (Poland), Zbigniew Sobierajski (Poland), Maria Helena Almeida (Portugal), Filipe Costa e Silva (Portugal), Luís Reis (Portugal), Maria Carolina Varela (Portugal), Ioan Blada (Romania), Alexandru-Lucian Curtu (Romania), Lucian Dinca (Romania), Georgeta Mihai (Romania), Mihai Olaru (Romania), Gheorghe Parnuta (Romania), Natalia Demidova (Russian Federation), Mikhail V. Pridnya (Russian Federation), Andrey Prokazin (Russian Federation), Srdjan Bojovic (Serbia) , Vasilije Isajev (Serbia), Saša Orlovic (Serbia), Rudolf Bruchánik (Slovakia), Roman Longauer (Slovakia), Ladislav Paule (Slovakia), Gregor Bozič (Slovenia), Robert Brus (Slovenia), Katarina Celič (Slovenia), Hojka Kraigher (Slovenia), Andrej Verlič (Slovenia), Marjana Westergren (Slovenia), Ricardo Alía (Spain), Josefa Fernández-López (Spain), Luis Gil Sanchez (Spain), Pablo Gonzalez Goicoechea (Spain), Santiago C. González-Martínez (Spain), Sonia Martin Albertos (Spain), Eduardo Notivol Paino (Spain), María Arantxa Prada (Spain), Alvaro Soto de Viana (Spain), Lennart Ackzell (Sweden), Jonas Bergquist (Sweden), Sanna Black-Samuelsson (Sweden), Jonas Cedergren (Sweden), Gösta Eriksson (Sweden), Markus Bolliger (Switzerland), Felix Gugerli (Switzerland), Rolf Holderegger (Switzerland), Peter Rotach (Switzerland), Marcus Ulber (Switzerland), Sven M.G. de Vries (The Netherlands), Khouja Mohamed Larbi (Tunisia), Murat Alan (Turkey), Gaye Kandemir (Turkey), Gursel Karagöz (Turkey), Zeki Kaya (Turkey), Hasan Özer (Turkey), Hacer Semerci (Turkey), Ferit Toplu (Turkey), Mykola M. Vedmid (Ukraine), Roman T. Volosyanchuk (Ukraine), Stuart A'Hara (United Kingdom), Joan Cottrell (United Kingdom), Colin Edwards (United Kingdom), Michael Frankis (United Kingdom), Jason Hubert (United Kingdom), Karen Russell (United Kingdom), C.J.A. Samuel (United Kingdom).
Status of Quercus trojana conservation in Europe
There is limited research into the genetics of Macedonian oak, but it does show high levels of genetic variation (Simeone et al., 2018). Macedonian oak populations in Italy have high genetic diversity, allelic richness, and heterozygosity, as do other European oak species (Carabeo et al., 2017). While Macedonian oak has similar levels of genetic diversity to Turkey oak (Quercus cerris), it has lower haplotypic diversity (Simeone et al., 2018). Italian populations have only low levels of inbreeding, indicating a high outcrossing rate and high gene flow (Carabeo et al., 2017). The high level of genetic diversity in Italian Macedonian oak suggests that the tree is native to Italy (Simeone et al., 2018).
Macedonian oak is split into two genetic clusters, one in Anatolia and the other in the Balkans/Italy (Aykut, 2016). There is a clear genetic separation between Italian and Anatolian populations, but Greek and Italian populations of Macedonian oak are genetically similar (Carabeo et al., 2017). Genetic similarity of Italian and Greek populations suggests a common origin for both populations and that they were previously connected, allowing biotic exchanges (Carabeo et al., 2017). Existing fragmented Macedonian oak populations are the remnants either of a once-continuous ancestral range or of a colonization wave that moved westward from the Balkans (Carabeo et al., 2017).
Italian populations of Macedonian oak show some genetic differentiation and can be split into three genetic gene pools that are a result fragmentation and isolation by massive land-use changes over time (Carabeo et al., 2017). Selective dispersal occurring naturally or by human mediation could also cause the formation of genetically differentiated gene pools (Carabeo et al., 2017). There is no correlation in Italian populations between geographical and genetic distances, which may also be the result of human intervention (Carabeo et al., 2017).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Macedonian oak is closely related to Turkey oak (Aykut, 2016; Carabeo et al., 2017). It shares many haplotypes with Turkey oak and the two species do hybridize (Simeone et al., 2018). Macedonian also hybridizes with other oak species, such as Lebanon oak (Quercus libani), although hybrids are typically infertile (Simeone et al., 2018). This frequent hybridization with other oak species means introgression does take place (Simeone et al., 2018).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Macedonian oak has suffered from clearing of land for agriculture and overharvesting for its wood (Carabeo et al., 2017). Deforestation, habitat loss, and climate change have reduced Macedonian oak range and population sizes, which could result in a severe loss of genetic diversity (Carabeo et al., 2017). In Italy, the species is currently limited to the south and populations are just remnants of a wider range that has been reduced by human exploitation (Carabeo et al., 2017).
Macedonian oak can grow in very dry and extreme habitats and could be useful for reforestation of poor and degraded sub-Mediterranean habitats (Carabeo et al., 2017). Conservation programmes for Macedonian oak need extensive knowledge of the species’ genetic resources across its whole distribution range (Carabeo et al., 2017). Work is needed to identify populations and areas that show high values of genetic diversity and divergence so they can be given conservation priority (Carabeo et al., 2017).
The bibliographic review was conducted by James Chaplin of the EUFORGEN Secretariat in August 2024.
Genetic Characterisation of Quercus trojana and its GCUs
Availability of FRM
FOREMATIS
Mediterranean Oaks Network: Report of the second meeting
Mediterranean Oaks Network: Report of the first meeting
Social Broadleaves Network: Report of the third meeting
Social Broadleaves Network: Report of the first meeting
Social Broadleaves Network: Report of the second meeting
Social Broadleaves Network: Report of the fifth meeting (Temperate Oaks and Beech network)
Contacts of experts
NA
Further reading
Yaltirik, F. 1973. Some notes on the morphological characteristics and the distribution of a Balkan woody species grown in Türkiye: Macedonian oak (Quercus trojana Webb.). Istanbul Universitesi Orman Fakultesi Dergisi, Seri A, 23(2): 118–127.
References
Aykut, Y. 2016. Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Quercus L. (Fageceae) from three different sections. African Journal of Biotechnology, 15(40): 2265–2271.
Carabeo, M., Simeone, M.C., Cherubini, M., Mattia, C., Chiocchini, F., Bertini, L., Caruso, C., La Mantia, T., Villani, F., and Mattioni, C. 2017. Estimating the genetic diversity and structure of Quercus trojana Webb populations in Italy by SSRs: implications for management and conservation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 47(3): 331–339.
Simeone, M.C., Cardoni, S., Piredda, R., Imperatori, F., Avishai, M., Grimm, G.W., and Denk, T. 2018. Comparative systematics and phylogeography of Quercus Section Cerris in western Eurasia: inferences from plastid and nuclear DNA variation. PeerJ, 6: e5793. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5793
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